我们考虑在平均场比赛中在线加强学习。与现有作品相反,我们通过开发一种使用通用代理的单个样本路径来估算均值场和最佳策略的算法来减轻对均值甲骨文的需求。我们称此沙盒学习为其,因为它可以用作在多代理非合作环境中运行的任何代理商的温暖启动。我们采用了两种时间尺度的方法,在该方法中,平均场的在线固定点递归在较慢的时间表上运行,并与通用代理更快的时间范围内的控制策略更新同时进行。在足够的勘探条件下,我们提供有限的样本收敛保证,从平均场和控制策略融合到平均场平衡方面。沙盒学习算法的样本复杂性为$ \ Mathcal {o}(\ epsilon^{ - 4})$。最后,我们从经验上证明了沙盒学习算法在交通拥堵游戏中的有效性。
translated by 谷歌翻译
Mean-field games have been used as a theoretical tool to obtain an approximate Nash equilibrium for symmetric and anonymous $N$-player games in literature. However, limiting applicability, existing theoretical results assume variations of a "population generative model", which allows arbitrary modifications of the population distribution by the learning algorithm. Instead, we show that $N$ agents running policy mirror ascent converge to the Nash equilibrium of the regularized game within $\tilde{\mathcal{O}}(\varepsilon^{-2})$ samples from a single sample trajectory without a population generative model, up to a standard $\mathcal{O}(\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}})$ error due to the mean field. Taking a divergent approach from literature, instead of working with the best-response map we first show that a policy mirror ascent map can be used to construct a contractive operator having the Nash equilibrium as its fixed point. Next, we prove that conditional TD-learning in $N$-agent games can learn value functions within $\tilde{\mathcal{O}}(\varepsilon^{-2})$ time steps. These results allow proving sample complexity guarantees in the oracle-free setting by only relying on a sample path from the $N$ agent simulator. Furthermore, we demonstrate that our methodology allows for independent learning by $N$ agents with finite sample guarantees.
translated by 谷歌翻译
随机游戏的学习可以说是多功能钢筋学习(MARL)中最标准和最基本的环境。在本文中,我们考虑在非渐近制度的随机游戏中分散的Marl。特别是,我们在大量的一般总和随机游戏(SGS)中建立了完全分散的Q学习算法的有限样本复杂性 - 弱循环SGS,包括对所有代理商的普通合作MARL设置具有相同的奖励(马尔可夫团队问题是一个特例。我们专注于实用的同时具有挑战性地设置完全分散的Marl,既不奖励也没有其他药剂的作用,每个试剂都可以观察到。事实上,每个特工都完全忘记了其他决策者的存在。表格和线性函数近似情况都已考虑。在表格设置中,我们分析了分散的Q学习算法的样本复杂性,以收敛到马尔可夫完美均衡(NASH均衡)。利用线性函数近似,结果用于收敛到线性近似平衡 - 我们提出的均衡的新概念 - 这描述了每个代理的策略是线性空间内的最佳回复(到其他代理)。还提供了数值实验,用于展示结果。
translated by 谷歌翻译
We consider learning approximate Nash equilibria for discrete-time mean-field games with nonlinear stochastic state dynamics subject to both average and discounted costs. To this end, we introduce a mean-field equilibrium (MFE) operator, whose fixed point is a mean-field equilibrium (i.e. equilibrium in the infinite population limit). We first prove that this operator is a contraction, and propose a learning algorithm to compute an approximate mean-field equilibrium by approximating the MFE operator with a random one. Moreover, using the contraction property of the MFE operator, we establish the error analysis of the proposed learning algorithm. We then show that the learned mean-field equilibrium constitutes an approximate Nash equilibrium for finite-agent games.
translated by 谷歌翻译
In this paper, we introduce a regularized mean-field game and study learning of this game under an infinite-horizon discounted reward function. Regularization is introduced by adding a strongly concave regularization function to the one-stage reward function in the classical mean-field game model. We establish a value iteration based learning algorithm to this regularized mean-field game using fitted Q-learning. The regularization term in general makes reinforcement learning algorithm more robust to the system components. Moreover, it enables us to establish error analysis of the learning algorithm without imposing restrictive convexity assumptions on the system components, which are needed in the absence of a regularization term.
translated by 谷歌翻译
具有很多玩家的非合作和合作游戏具有许多应用程序,但是当玩家数量增加时,通常仍然很棘手。由Lasry和Lions以及Huang,Caines和Malham \'E引入的,平均野外运动会(MFGS)依靠平均场外近似值,以使玩家数量可以成长为无穷大。解决这些游戏的传统方法通常依赖于以完全了解模型的了解来求解部分或随机微分方程。最近,增强学习(RL)似乎有望解决复杂问题。通过组合MFGS和RL,我们希望在人口规模和环境复杂性方面能够大规模解决游戏。在这项调查中,我们回顾了有关学习MFG中NASH均衡的最新文献。我们首先确定最常见的设置(静态,固定和进化)。然后,我们为经典迭代方法(基于最佳响应计算或策略评估)提供了一个通用框架,以确切的方式解决MFG。在这些算法和与马尔可夫决策过程的联系的基础上,我们解释了如何使用RL以无模型的方式学习MFG解决方案。最后,我们在基准问题上介绍了数值插图,并以某些视角得出结论。
translated by 谷歌翻译
平均现场控制(MFC)是减轻合作多功能加强学习(MARL)问题的维度诅咒的有效方法。这项工作考虑了可以分离为$ k $课程的$ n _ {\ mathrm {pop}} $异质代理的集合,以便$ k $ -th类包含$ n_k $均匀的代理。我们的目标是通过其相应的MFC问题证明这一异构系统的Marl问题的近似保证。我们考虑三种情景,所有代理商的奖励和转型动态分别被视为$(1)美元的职能,每班的所有课程,$(2)美元和$(3) $边际分布的整个人口。我们展示,在这些情况下,$ k $ -class marl问题可以通过mfc近似于$ e_1 = mathcal {o}(\ frac {\ sqrt {| \ mathcal {x} |} + \ sqrt {| \ mathcal {u} |}}}}}} {n _ {\ mathrm {pop}}} \ sum_ {k} \ sqrt {k})$,$ e_2 = \ mathcal {o}(\ left [\ sqrt {| \ mathcal {x} |} + \ sqrt {| \ mathcal {u} |} \ \ sum_ {k} \ frac {1} {\ sqrt {n_k}})$和$ e_3 = \ mathcal {o} \ left(\ left [\ sqrt {| \ mathcal {x} |} + \ sqrt {| \ mathcal {} |} \ leftle] \ left [\ frac {a} {n _ {\ mathrm {pop}}} \ sum_ {k \在[k]}} \ sqrt {n_k} + \ frac {n} {\ sqrt {n} {\ sqrt {n \ mathrm {pop}}} \右] \ over)$,其中$ a,b $是一些常数和$ | mathcal {x} |,| \ mathcal {u} | $是每个代理的状态和行动空间的大小。最后,我们设计了一种基于自然的梯度(NPG)基于NPG的算法,它在上面规定的三种情况下,可以在$ \ Mathcal {O}(E_J)$错误中收敛到$ \ Mathcal的示例复杂度{ o}(e_j ^ { - 3})$,j \ in \ {1,2,3 \} $。
translated by 谷歌翻译
我们与指定为领导者的球员之一和其他球员读为追随者的球员学习多人一般汇总马尔可夫游戏。特别是,我们专注于追随者是近视的游戏,即,他们的目标是最大限度地提高他们的瞬间奖励。对于这样的游戏,我们的目标是找到一个Stackelberg-Nash均衡(SNE),这是一个策略对$(\ pi ^ *,\ nu ^ *)$,这样(i)$ \ pi ^ * $是追随者始终发挥最佳回应的领导者的最佳政策,(ii)$ \ nu ^ * $是追随者的最佳反应政策,这是由$ \ pi ^ *引起的追随者游戏的纳什均衡$。我们开发了用于在线和离线设置中的SNE解决SNE的采样高效的强化学习(RL)算法。我们的算法是最小二乘值迭代的乐观和悲观的变体,并且它们很容易能够在大状态空间的设置中结合函数近似工具。此外,对于线性函数近似的情况,我们证明我们的算法分别在线和离线设置下实现了Sublinear遗憾和次优。据我们所知,我们建立了第一种可用于解决近代Markov游戏的SNES的第一款可透明的RL算法。
translated by 谷歌翻译
我们研究了马尔可夫潜在游戏(MPG)中多机构增强学习(RL)问题的策略梯度方法的全球非反应收敛属性。要学习MPG的NASH平衡,在该MPG中,状态空间的大小和/或玩家数量可能非常大,我们建议使用TANDEM所有玩家运行的新的独立政策梯度算法。当梯度评估中没有不确定性时,我们表明我们的算法找到了$ \ epsilon $ -NASH平衡,$ o(1/\ epsilon^2)$迭代复杂性并不明确取决于状态空间大小。如果没有确切的梯度,我们建立$ O(1/\ epsilon^5)$样品复杂度在潜在的无限大型状态空间中,用于利用函数近似的基于样本的算法。此外,我们确定了一类独立的政策梯度算法,这些算法都可以融合零和马尔可夫游戏和马尔可夫合作游戏,并与玩家不喜欢玩的游戏类型。最后,我们提供了计算实验来证实理论发展的优点和有效性。
translated by 谷歌翻译
我们研究了随机游戏(SGS)的梯度播放算法的性能,其中每个代理商试图通过基于代理之间共享的当前状态信息来独立做出决策来最大限度地提高自己的总折扣奖励。通过在给定状态下选择某个动作的概率来直接参数化策略。我们展示了纳什均衡(NES)和一阶固定政策在此设置中等同,并在严格的NES周围给出局部收敛速度。此外,对于称为马尔可夫潜在游戏的SGS的子类(包括具有重要特殊情况的代理中具有相同奖励的协作设置),我们设计了一种基于样本的增强学习算法,并为两者提供非渐近全局收敛速度分析精确的梯度游戏和我们基于样本的学习算法。我们的结果表明,迭代的数量达到$ \ epsilon $ -Ne线性缩放,而不是指数级,而代理人数。还考虑了局部几何和局部稳定性,在那里我们证明严格的NE是总潜在功能的局部最大值,完全混合的NE是鞍点。
translated by 谷歌翻译
我们在无限地平线上享受多智能经纪增强学习(Marl)零汇率马尔可夫游戏。我们专注于分散的Marl的实用性但具有挑战性的环境,其中代理人在没有集中式控制员的情况下做出决定,但仅根据自己的收益和当地行动进行了协调。代理商不需要观察对手的行为或收益,可能甚至不忘记对手的存在,也不得意识到基础游戏的零金额结构,该环境也称为学习文学中的彻底解散游戏。在本文中,我们开发了一种彻底的解耦Q学习动态,既合理和收敛则:当对手遵循渐近静止战略时,学习动态会收敛于对对手战略的最佳反应;当两个代理采用学习动态时,它们会收敛到游戏的纳什均衡。这种分散的环境中的关键挑战是从代理商的角度来看环境的非公平性,因为她自己的回报和系统演变都取决于其他代理人的行为,每个代理商同时和独立地互补她的政策。要解决此问题,我们开发了两个时间尺度的学习动态,每个代理会更新她的本地Q函数和value函数估计,后者在较慢的时间内发生。
translated by 谷歌翻译
Modern Reinforcement Learning (RL) is commonly applied to practical problems with an enormous number of states, where function approximation must be deployed to approximate either the value function or the policy. The introduction of function approximation raises a fundamental set of challenges involving computational and statistical efficiency, especially given the need to manage the exploration/exploitation tradeoff. As a result, a core RL question remains open: how can we design provably efficient RL algorithms that incorporate function approximation? This question persists even in a basic setting with linear dynamics and linear rewards, for which only linear function approximation is needed.This paper presents the first provable RL algorithm with both polynomial runtime and polynomial sample complexity in this linear setting, without requiring a "simulator" or additional assumptions. Concretely, we prove that an optimistic modification of Least-Squares Value Iteration (LSVI)-a classical algorithm frequently studied in the linear setting-achieves O( √ d 3 H 3 T ) regret, where d is the ambient dimension of feature space, H is the length of each episode, and T is the total number of steps. Importantly, such regret is independent of the number of states and actions.
translated by 谷歌翻译
We consider a multi-agent episodic MDP setup where an agent (leader) takes action at each step of the episode followed by another agent (follower). The state evolution and rewards depend on the joint action pair of the leader and the follower. Such type of interactions can find applications in many domains such as smart grids, mechanism design, security, and policymaking. We are interested in how to learn policies for both the players with provable performance guarantee under a bandit feedback setting. We focus on a setup where both the leader and followers are {\em non-myopic}, i.e., they both seek to maximize their rewards over the entire episode and consider a linear MDP which can model continuous state-space which is very common in many RL applications. We propose a {\em model-free} RL algorithm and show that $\tilde{\mathcal{O}}(\sqrt{d^3H^3T})$ regret bounds can be achieved for both the leader and the follower, where $d$ is the dimension of the feature mapping, $H$ is the length of the episode, and $T$ is the total number of steps under the bandit feedback information setup. Thus, our result holds even when the number of states becomes infinite. The algorithm relies on {\em novel} adaptation of the LSVI-UCB algorithm. Specifically, we replace the standard greedy policy (as the best response) with the soft-max policy for both the leader and the follower. This turns out to be key in establishing uniform concentration bound for the value functions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first sub-linear regret bound guarantee for the Markov games with non-myopic followers with function approximation.
translated by 谷歌翻译
我们研究了情节块MDP中模型估计和无奖励学习的问题。在这些MDP中,决策者可以访问少数潜在状态产生的丰富观察或上下文。我们首先对基于固定行为策略生成的数据估算潜在状态解码功能(从观测到潜在状态的映射)感兴趣。我们在估计此功能的错误率上得出了信息理论的下限,并提出了接近此基本限制的算法。反过来,我们的算法还提供了MDP的所有组件的估计值。然后,我们研究在无奖励框架中学习近乎最佳政策的问题。根据我们有效的模型估计算法,我们表明我们可以以最佳的速度推断出策略(随着收集样品的数量增长大)的最佳策略。有趣的是,我们的分析提供了必要和充分的条件,在这些条件下,利用块结构可以改善样本复杂性,以识别近乎最佳的策略。当满足这些条件时,Minimax无奖励设置中的样本复杂性将通过乘法因子$ n $提高,其中$ n $是可能的上下文数量。
translated by 谷歌翻译
We study the problem of estimating the fixed point of a contractive operator defined on a separable Banach space. Focusing on a stochastic query model that provides noisy evaluations of the operator, we analyze a variance-reduced stochastic approximation scheme, and establish non-asymptotic bounds for both the operator defect and the estimation error, measured in an arbitrary semi-norm. In contrast to worst-case guarantees, our bounds are instance-dependent, and achieve the local asymptotic minimax risk non-asymptotically. For linear operators, contractivity can be relaxed to multi-step contractivity, so that the theory can be applied to problems like average reward policy evaluation problem in reinforcement learning. We illustrate the theory via applications to stochastic shortest path problems, two-player zero-sum Markov games, as well as policy evaluation and $Q$-learning for tabular Markov decision processes.
translated by 谷歌翻译
We study a multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) problem where the agents interact over a given network. The goal of the agents is to cooperatively maximize the average of their entropy-regularized long-term rewards. To overcome the curse of dimensionality and to reduce communication, we propose a Localized Policy Iteration (LPI) algorithm that provably learns a near-globally-optimal policy using only local information. In particular, we show that, despite restricting each agent's attention to only its $\kappa$-hop neighborhood, the agents are able to learn a policy with an optimality gap that decays polynomially in $\kappa$. In addition, we show the finite-sample convergence of LPI to the global optimal policy, which explicitly captures the trade-off between optimality and computational complexity in choosing $\kappa$. Numerical simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of LPI.
translated by 谷歌翻译
在过去的十年中,多智能经纪人强化学习(Marl)已经有了重大进展,但仍存在许多挑战,例如高样本复杂性和慢趋同稳定的政策,在广泛的部署之前需要克服,这是可能的。然而,在实践中,许多现实世界的环境已经部署了用于生成策略的次优或启发式方法。一个有趣的问题是如何最好地使用这些方法作为顾问,以帮助改善多代理领域的加强学习。在本文中,我们提供了一个原则的框架,用于将动作建议纳入多代理设置中的在线次优顾问。我们描述了在非传记通用随机游戏环境中提供多种智能强化代理(海军上将)的问题,并提出了两种新的基于Q学习的算法:海军上将决策(海军DM)和海军上将 - 顾问评估(Admiral-AE) ,这使我们能够通过适当地纳入顾问(Admiral-DM)的建议来改善学习,并评估顾问(Admiral-AE)的有效性。我们从理论上分析了算法,并在一般加上随机游戏中提供了关于他们学习的定点保证。此外,广泛的实验说明了这些算法:可以在各种环境中使用,具有对其他相关基线的有利相比的性能,可以扩展到大状态行动空间,并且对来自顾问的不良建议具有稳健性。
translated by 谷歌翻译
我们在具有代理网络的环境中研究强化学习(RL),其状态和行动以当地的方式交互,其中目标是找到本地化策略,以便最大化(折扣)全局奖励。此设置中的一个根本挑战是状态 - 行动空间大小在代理的数量中呈指数级级别,呈现大网络难以解决的问题。在本文中,我们提出了一个可扩展的演员评论家(SAC)框架,用于利用网络结构并找到一个$ O(\ Rho ^ {\ Kappa})$ - 近似于某些目标的静止点的近似$ \ rho \ in(0,1)$,复杂性,与网络最大的$ \ kappa $-hop邻居的本地状态动作空间大小缩放。我们使用无线通信,流行和流量的示例说明了我们的模型和方法。
translated by 谷歌翻译
逆增强学习(IRL)是从专家演示中推断奖励功能的强大范式。许多IRL算法都需要已知的过渡模型,有时甚至是已知的专家政策,或者至少需要访问生成模型。但是,对于许多现实世界应用,这些假设太强了,在这些应用程序中,只能通过顺序相互作用访问环境。我们提出了一种新颖的IRL算法:逆增强学习(ACEIRL)的积极探索,该探索积极探索未知的环境和专家政策,以快速学习专家的奖励功能并确定良好的政策。 Aceirl使用以前的观察来构建置信区间,以捕获合理的奖励功能,并找到关注环境最有用区域的勘探政策。 Aceirl是使用样品复杂性界限的第一种活动IRL的方法,不需要环境的生成模型。在最坏情况下,Aceirl与活性IRL的样品复杂性与生成模型匹配。此外,我们建立了一个与问题相关的结合,该结合将Aceirl的样品复杂性与给定IRL问题的次级隔离间隙联系起来。我们在模拟中对Aceirl进行了经验评估,发现它的表现明显优于更幼稚的探索策略。
translated by 谷歌翻译
我们表明,在合作$ n $ n $ agent网络中,可以为代理设计本地可执行的策略,以使所得的平均奖励(值)的折现总和非常接近于计算出的最佳价值(包括非本地)策略。具体而言,我们证明,如果$ | \ MATHCAL {X} |,| \ MATHCAL {U} | $表示状态大小和单个代理的操作空间,那么对于足够小的折现因子,近似错误,则由$ \ MATHCAL {o}(e)$ where $ e \ triangleq \ frac {1} {\ sqrt {n}}} \ left [\ sqrt {\ sqrt {| \ Mathcal {x}} |} |} |} |}+\ sqrt { } |} \ right] $。此外,在一种特殊情况下,奖励和状态过渡功能独立于人口的行动分布,错误将$ \ nathcal {o}(e)$提高到其中$ e \ e \ triangleq \ frac {1} {\ sqrt {\ sqrt {n}} \ sqrt {| \ Mathcal {x} |} $。最后,我们还设计了一种算法来明确构建本地政策。在我们的近似结果的帮助下,我们进一步确定构建的本地策略在$ \ Mathcal {o}(\ max \ {e,\ epsilon \})$最佳策略的距离之内对于任何$ \ epsilon> 0 $,本地策略是$ \ MATHCAL {O}(\ Epsilon^{ - 3})$。
translated by 谷歌翻译