在最近的过去，草莓的机器人收获引起了很多兴趣。尽管有很多创新，但它们尚未达到与人类采摘专家相当的水平。末端效应单元在定义这种机器人收割系统的效率方面起着重要作用。即使有关于草莓收集的各种最终效应子的报道，但是在某些情况下，研究人员可以依靠某些参数来开发新的最终效应子。这些参数包括可以在花梗上应用的抓地力极限，以有效地抓握，切割草莓花梗所需的力等。这些估计将对目标的最终效应器的设计周期有所帮助，以握住和切割在收获动作期间，草莓花梗。本文通过实验研究了这些参数的估计和分析。据估计，花梗的握力可以限制为10N。这使最终效应器能够抓住高达50克的草莓，而操纵加速度为50 m/s $^2 $，而不会挤压花梗。关于花梗切割力的研究表明，15 n的力足以在30度方向上使用楔形角度为16.6度的刀片切出草莓花梗。

意识到高性能软机器人抓手是具有挑战性的，因为软执行器和人造肌肉的固有局限性。尽管现有的软机器人抓手表现出可接受的性能，但他们的设计和制造仍然是一个空旷的问题。本文探索了扭曲的弦乐执行器（TSA），以驱动软机器人抓手。 TSA已被广泛用于众多机器人应用中，但它们包含在软机器人中是有限的。提议的抓手设计灵感来自人类手，四个手指和拇指。通过使用拮抗剂TSA，在手指中实现了可调刚度。手指的弯曲角度，驱动速度，阻塞力输出和刚度调整是实验表征的。抓手能够在Kapandji测试中获得6分，并且还可以达到33个Feix Grasp Grasp分类法中的31个。一项比较研究表明，与其他类似抓手相比，提出的抓手表现出等效或卓越的性能。

从一个或多个未分类桩中挑选一个或多个物体对于机器人系统而言仍然是不平凡的。当桩由包含彼此纠缠的单个项目的颗粒材料（GM）组成时，尤其如此，导致挑选出更多的选择。这种容易发生的GM的关键特征之一是从桩中的主要物体延伸的突起存在。这项工作描述了后者在引起机械纠缠及其对选择一致性的影响方面所扮演的角色。 IT报告了实验，其中采摘具有不同突出长度（PLS）的GMS导致挑选质量差异增加了76％，这表明PL是采摘策略设计中的一项信息功能。此外，为了应对这种效果，它提出了一种新的传播（SNP）方法，可大大减少纠结，从而使选择更加一致。与试图从桩中的无缠结点进行选择的先前方法相比，提出的方法导致选择误差（PE）的降低高达51％，并显示出对先前看不见的GMS的良好概括。

本文介绍了基于织物的软气动执行器的设计和评估，其驱动需要低压要求，使其适用于婴儿的上肢辅助设备。目的是支持肩部绑架和内收，而无需禁止在其他平面上运动或阻塞肘关节运动。首先，通过模拟探索了具有内部空气电池的执行器设计家族的性能。执行器通过细胞数量及其宽度进行参数化。通过硬件实验进一步测试了通过模拟鉴定的物理可行的致动器变体。选择并根据婴儿的身体人为测量学的定制物理模型选择并测试两种设计。施加施加手臂的力，运动平滑度，路径长度和最大肩部角度的比较，请告知哪种设计更适合用作儿科可穿戴辅助设备的执行器，以及其他用于未来工作的见解。

虽然在各种应用中广泛使用刚性机器人，但它们在他们可以执行的任务中受到限制，并且在密切的人机交互中可以保持不安全。另一方面，软机器鞋面超越了刚性机器人的能力，例如与工作环境，自由度，自由度，制造成本和与环境安全互动的兼容性。本文研究了纤维增强弹性机壳（释放）作为一种特定类型的软气动致动器的行为，可用于软装饰器。创建动态集参数模型以在各种操作条件下模拟单一免费的运动，并通知控制器的设计。所提出的PID控制器使用旋转角度来控制多项式函数之后的自由到限定的步进输入或轨迹的响应来控制末端执行器的方向。另外，采用有限元分析方法，包括释放的固有非线性材料特性，精确地评估释放的各种参数和配置。该工具还用于确定模块中多个释放的工作空间，这基本上是软机械臂的构建块。

Effective force modulation during tissue manipulation is important for ensuring safe robot-assisted minimally invasive surgery (RMIS). Strict requirements for in-vivo distal force sensing have led to prior sensor designs that trade off ease of manufacture and integration against force measurement accuracy along the tool axis. These limitations have made collecting high-quality 3-degree-of-freedom (3-DoF) bimanual force data in RMIS inaccessible to researchers. We present a modular and manufacturable 3-DoF force sensor that integrates easily with an existing RMIS tool. We achieve this by relaxing biocompatibility and sterilizability requirements while utilizing commercial load cells and common electromechanical fabrication techniques. The sensor has a range of +-5 N axially and +-3 N laterally with average root mean square errors(RMSEs) of below 0.15 N in all directions. During teleoperated mock tissue manipulation tasks, a pair of jaw-mounted sensors achieved average RMSEs of below 0.15 N in all directions. For grip force, it achieved an RMSE of 0.156 N. The sensor has sufficient accuracy within the range of forces found in delicate manipulation tasks, with potential use in bimanual haptic feedback and robotic force control. As an open-source design, the sensors can be adapted to suit additional robotic applications outside of RMIS.

Robotic hands with soft surfaces can perform stable grasping, but the high friction of the soft surfaces makes it difficult to release objects, or to perform operations that require sliding. To solve this issue, we previously developed a contact area variable surface (CAVS), whose friction changed according to the load. However, only our fundamental results were previously presented, with detailed analyses not provided. In this study, we first investigated the CAVS friction anisotropy, and demonstrated that the longitudinal direction exhibited a larger ratio of friction change. Next, we proposed a sensible CAVS, capable of providing a variable-friction mechanism, and tested its sensing and control systems in operations requiring switching between sliding and stable-grasping modes. Friction sensing was performed using an embedded camera, and we developed a gripper using the sensible CAVS, considering the CAVS friction anisotropy. In CAVS, the low-friction mode corresponds to a small grasping force, while the high-friction mode corresponds to a greater grasping force. Therefore, by controlling only the friction mode, the gripper mode can be set to either the sliding or stable-grasping mode. Based on this feature, a methodology for controlling the contact mode was constructed. We demonstrated a manipulation involving sliding and stable grasping, and thus verified the efficacy of the developed sensible CAVS.

Grasping is an incredible ability of animals using their arms and limbs in their daily life. The human hand is an especially astonishing multi-fingered tool for precise grasping, which helped humans to develop the modern world. The implementation of the human grasp to virtual reality and telerobotics is always interesting and challenging at the same time. In this work, authors surveyed, studied, and analyzed the human hand-grasping behavior for the possibilities of haptic grasping in the virtual and remote environment. This work is focused on the motion and force analysis of fingers in human hand grasping scenarios and the paper describes the transition of the human hand grasping towards a tripod haptic grasp model for effective interaction in virtual reality.

Applying suction grippers in unstructured environments is a challenging task because of depth and tilt errors in vision systems, requiring additional costs in elaborate sensing and control. To reduce additional costs, suction grippers with compliant bodies or mechanisms have been proposed; however, their bulkiness and limited allowable error hinder their use in complex environments with large errors. Here, we propose a compact suction gripper that can pick objects over a wide range of distances and tilt angles without elaborate sensing and control. The spring-inserted gripper body deploys and conforms to distant and tilted objects until the suction cup completely seals with the object and retracts immediately after, while holding the object. This seamless deployment and retraction is enabled by connecting the gripper body and suction cup to the same vacuum source, which couples the vacuum picking and retraction of the gripper body. Experimental results validated that the proposed gripper can pick objects within 79 mm, which is 1.4 times the initial length, and can pick objects with tilt angles up to 60{\deg}. The feasibility of the gripper was verified by demonstrations, including picking objects of different heights from the same picking height and the bin picking of transparent objects.

减少的牵引力限制了移动机器人系统抵抗或施加大型外部负载的能力，例如拉紧有效载荷。一种简单且通用的解决方案是将束缚在天然发生的物体周围，以利用卡普斯坦效应并呈指数放大的固定力。实验表明，理想化的Capstan模型解释了对常见不规则室外物体（树木，岩石，柱子）经历的力放大。适用于可变环境条件，这种指数放大方法可以串联或与机器人团队并行利用单个或多个capstan对象。这种适应性允许一系列潜在配置，对于当对象无法完全包围或抓住时，特别有用。这些原则已通过移动平台证明（1）控制有效载荷的降低和逮捕，（2）以实现有效载荷的平面控制，以及（3）充当更大范围平台的锚点。我们显示了一个简单的系绳，包裹在沙子上的浅石头上，放大了低牵引力平台的持有力量，最多可达774倍。

Fruit harvesting has recently experienced a shift towards soft grippers that possess compliance, adaptability, and delicacy. In this context, pneumatic grippers are popular, due to provision of high deformability and compliance, however they typically possess limited grip strength. Jamming possesses strong grip capability, however has limited deformability and often requires the object to be pushed onto a surface to attain a grip. This paper describes a hybrid gripper combining pneumatics (for deformation) and jamming (for grip strength). Our gripper utilises a torus (donut) structure with two chambers controlled by pneumatic and vacuum pressure respectively, to conform around a target object. The gripper displays good adaptability, exploiting pneumatics to mould to the shape of the target object where jamming can be successfully harnessed to grip. The main contribution of the paper is design, fabrication, and characterisation of the first hybrid gripper that can use granular jamming in free space, achieving significantly larger retention forces compared to pure pneumatics. We test our gripper on a range of different sizes and shapes, as well as picking a broad range of real fruit.

动态运动是机器人武器的关键特征，使他们能够快速有效地执行任务。在任务空间运行时，软连续式操纵器目前尚未考虑动态参数。这种缺点使现有的软机器人缓慢并限制了他们处理外力的能力，特别是在物体操纵期间。我们通过使用动态操作空间控制来解决此问题。我们的控制方法考虑了3D连续体臂的动态参数，并引入了新模型，使多段软机械师能够在任务空间中顺利运行。先前仅为刚性机器人提供的先进控制方法现在适用于软机器;例如，潜在的场避免以前仅针对刚性机器人显示，现在延伸到软机器人。使用我们的方法，柔软的机械手现在可以实现以前不可能的各种任务：我们评估机械手在闭环控制实验中的性能，如拾取和障碍物避免，使用附加的软夹具抛出物体，并通过用掌握的粉笔绘制来故意将力施加到表面上。除了新的技能之外，我们的方法还提高了59％的跟踪精度，并将速度提高到19.3的尺寸，与最新的任务空间控制相比。通过这些新发现能力，软机器人可以开始挑战操纵领域的刚性机器人。我们固有的安全和柔顺的软机器人将未来的机器人操纵到一个不用的设置，其中人和机器人并行工作。

In unstructured environments, robots run the risk of unexpected collisions. How well they react to these events is determined by how transparent they are to collisions. Transparency is affected by structural properties as well as sensing and control architectures. In this paper, we propose the collision reflex metric as a way to formally quantify transparency. It is defined as the total impulse transferred in collision, which determines the collision mitigation capabilities of a closed-loop robotic system taking into account structure, sensing, and control. We analyze the effect of motor scaling, stiffness, and configuration on the collision reflex of a system using an analytical model. Physical experiments using the move-until-touch behavior are conducted to compare the collision reflex of direct-drive and quasi-direct-drive actuators and robotic hands (Schunk WSG-50 and Dexterous DDHand.) For transparent systems, we see a counter-intuitive trend: the impulse may be lower at higher pre-impact velocities.

Springs are efficient in storing and returning elastic potential energy but are unable to hold the energy they store in the absence of an external load. Lockable springs use clutches to hold elastic potential energy in the absence of an external load but have not yet been widely adopted in applications, partly because clutches introduce design complexity, reduce energy efficiency, and typically do not afford high-fidelity control over the energy stored by the spring. Here, we present the design of a novel lockable compression spring that uses a small capstan clutch to passively lock a mechanical spring. The capstan clutch can lock up to 1000 N force at any arbitrary deflection, unlock the spring in less than 10 ms with a control force less than 1 % of the maximal spring force, and provide an 80 % energy storage and return efficiency (comparable to a highly efficient electric motor operated at constant nominal speed). By retaining the form factor of a regular spring while providing high-fidelity locking capability even under large spring forces, the proposed design could facilitate the development of energy-efficient spring-based actuators and robots.

由于柔软的机器人越来越多地在需要高度和受控接触力的环境中使用，最近的研究表明，使用软机器人来估计或本质上感应而不需要外部传感机制。虽然这主要被示出在肌腱的连续管道机构或包括推拉杆致动的可变形机器人，但由于高致动变异性和非线性机械系统响应，流体驱动器仍然造成巨大挑战。在这项工作中，我们调查液压，并联软机器人至本质上的能力和随后控制接触力。导出了一种综合算法，用于静态，准静态和动态力感测，依赖于系统的流体体积和压力信息。该算法验证了单一自由度软流体致动器。结果表明，在准静态配置中，可以在验证范围内的验证范围内的0.56±0.66n的精度下估计作用在单个致动器上的轴向力。力传感方法应用于在单个致动器中强制控制以及耦合的并联机器人。可以看出，两种系统可以准确地控制力，以在多自由度平行软机器人的情况下控制定向接触力的能力。

软致动器在符合性和形态方面表现出具有很大的优势，用于操纵细腻物体和在密闭空间中的检查。对于可以提供扭转运动的软致动器有一个未满足的需要。放大工作空间并增加自由度。为此目标，我们呈现由硅胶制成的折纸启发的软充气执行器（OSPas）。原型可以输出多于一个旋转的旋转（高达435 {\ DEG}），比以前的同行更大。我们描述了设计和制作方法，构建了运动学模型和仿真模型，并分析和优化参数。最后，我们通过整合到能够同时抓住和提升脆弱或扁平物体的夹具，这是一种能够与扭转致动器的直角拾取和放置物品的多功能机器人，以及柔软的蛇通过扭转致动器的扭转能够改变姿态和方向的机器人。

为了使软机器人在以人为本的环境中有效工作，他们需要能够根据（本体感受）传感器估算其状态和外部相互作用。估计干扰使软机器人可以执行理想的力控制。即使在刚性操纵器的情况下，最终效应器的力估计也被视为一个非平凡的问题。实际上，其他当前应对这一挑战的方法也存在防止其一般应用的缺点。它们通常基于简化的软动力学模型，例如依赖于零件的恒定曲率（PCC）近似值或匹配的刚体模型的模型，这些模型并不代表该问题的细节。因此，无法构建复杂的人类机器人互动所需的应用。有限元方法（FEM）允许以更通用的方式预测软机器人动力学。在这里，使用框架沙发的软机器人建模功能，我们构建了一个详细的FEM模型，该模型由多段的软连续机器人手臂组成，该机器人由合规的可变形材料和纤维增强的压力驱动室组成，并具有用于提供方向输出的传感器的模型。该模型用于为操纵器建立状态观察者。校准模型参数以使用物理实验匹配手动制造过程的缺陷。然后，我们解决了二次编程逆动力学问题，以计算解释姿势误差的外力的组成部分。我们的实验显示，平均力估计误差约为1.2％。由于提出的方法是通用的，因此这些结果令人鼓舞，该任务是构建可以在以人为中心的环境中部署的复杂，反应性，基于传感器的行为的软机器人。

软机器人抓手具有许多优势，可以解决动态空中抓握方面的挑战。最近展示的用于空中抓握的典型多指的软握把高度依赖于成功抓握的目标对象的方向。这项研究通过开发一种用于自主空气操纵的全向系统来推动动态空中抓地力的边界。特别是，该论文研究了一种新型，高度集成，模块化，传感器富含通用的握把的设计，制造和实验验证，专为空中应用而设计。提出的抓手利用粒子堵塞和软颗粒材料的最新发展产生了强大的握持力，同时非常轻巧，节能，并且只需要低激活力。我们表明，通过在膜的硅硅混合物中添加添加剂，可以将持有力提高多达50％。实验表明，即使没有几何互锁，我们的轻质抓地力也可以以低至2.5n的激活力发育高达15n的持有力。最后，通过将抓地力安装到多旋风的情况下，在实际条件下执行了一个选择和释放任务。开发的空中抓握系统具有许多有用的属性，例如对碰撞的弹性和鲁棒性以及将无人机与环境脱离的固有的被动合规性。

多限制攀岩机器人的运动计划必须考虑机器人的姿势，联合扭矩，以及它如何使用接触力与环境相互作用。本文着重于使用非传统运动来探索不可预测的环境（例如火星洞穴）的机器人运动计划。我们的机器人概念Reachbot使用可扩展和可伸缩的动臂作为四肢，在攀爬时实现了大型可伸缩度工作区。每个可扩展的动臂都由旨在抓住岩石表面的微生物抓地力封顶。 Reachbot利用其大型工作空间来绕过障碍物，裂缝和挑战地形。我们的计划方法必须具有多功能性，以适应可变的地形特征和鲁棒性，以减轻用刺抓握随机性质的风险。在本文中，我们引入了一种图形遍历算法，以根据适用于握把的可用地形特征选择一个离散的grasps序列。该离散的计划是由一个解耦运动计划者互补的，该计划者使用基于抽样的计划和顺序凸面编程的组合来考虑身体运动和最终效应器运动的交替阶段，以优化单个阶段。我们使用运动规划师在模拟的2D洞穴环境中计划轨迹，至少有95％的成功概率，并在基线轨迹上表现出改善的鲁棒性。最后，我们通过对2D平面原型进行实验来验证运动计划算法。

Snakes and their bio-inspired robot counterparts have demonstrated locomotion on a wide range of terrains. However, dynamic vertical climbing is one locomotion strategy that has received little attention in the existing snake robotics literature. We demonstrate a new scansorial gait and robot inspired by the locomotion of the Pacific Lamprey. This new gait allows a robot to steer while climbing on flat, near-vertical surfaces. A reduced-order model is developed and used to explore the relationship between body actuation and vertical and lateral motions of the robot. Trident, the new wall climbing lamprey-inspired robot, demonstrates dynamic climbing on flat vertical surfaces with a peak net vertical stride displacement of 4.1 cm per step. Actuating at 1.3 Hz, Trident attains a vertical climbing speed of 4.8 cm/s (0.09 Bl/s) at specific resistance of 8.3. Trident can also traverse laterally at 9 cm/s (0.17 Bl/s). Moreover, Trident is able to make 14\% longer strides than the Pacific Lamprey when climbing vertically. The computational and experimental results demonstrate that a lamprey-inspired climbing gait coupled with appropriate attachment is a useful climbing strategy for snake robots climbing near vertical surfaces with limited push points.