在本文中,我们开发了一种物理知识的神经网络(PINN)模型,用于具有急剧干扰初始条件的抛物线问题。作为抛物线问题的一个示例,我们考虑具有点(高斯)源初始条件的对流 - 分散方程(ADE)。在$ d $维的ADE中,在初始条件衰减中的扰动随时间$ t $ as $ t^{ - d/2} $,这可能会在Pinn解决方案中造成较大的近似错误。 ADE溶液中的局部大梯度使该方程的残余效率低下的(PINN)拉丁高立方体采样(常见)。最后,抛物线方程的PINN解对损耗函数中的权重选择敏感。我们提出了一种归一化的ADE形式,其中溶液的初始扰动不会降低幅度,并证明该归一化显着降低了PINN近似误差。我们提出了与通过其他方法选择的权重相比,损耗函数中的权重标准更准确。最后,我们提出了一种自适应采样方案,该方案可显着减少相同数量的采样(残差)点的PINN溶液误差。我们证明了提出的PINN模型的前进,反向和向后ADE的准确性。
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Deep learning has achieved remarkable success in diverse applications; however, its use in solving partial differential equations (PDEs) has emerged only recently. Here, we present an overview of physics-informed neural networks (PINNs), which embed a PDE into the loss of the neural network using automatic differentiation. The PINN algorithm is simple, and it can be applied to different types of PDEs, including integro-differential equations, fractional PDEs, and stochastic PDEs. Moreover, from the implementation point of view, PINNs solve inverse problems as easily as forward problems. We propose a new residual-based adaptive refinement (RAR) method to improve the training efficiency of PINNs. For pedagogical reasons, we compare the PINN algorithm to a standard finite element method. We also present a Python library for PINNs, DeepXDE, which is designed to serve both as an education tool to be used in the classroom as well as a research tool for solving problems in computational science and engineering. Specifically, DeepXDE can solve forward problems given initial and boundary conditions, as well as inverse problems given some extra measurements. DeepXDE supports complex-geometry domains based on the technique of constructive solid geometry, and enables the user code to be compact, resembling closely the mathematical formulation. We introduce the usage of DeepXDE and its customizability, and we also demonstrate the capability of PINNs and the user-friendliness of DeepXDE for five different examples. More broadly, DeepXDE contributes to the more rapid development of the emerging Scientific Machine Learning field.
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Solute transport in porous media is relevant to a wide range of applications in hydrogeology, geothermal energy, underground CO2 storage, and a variety of chemical engineering systems. Due to the complexity of solute transport in heterogeneous porous media, traditional solvers require high resolution meshing and are therefore expensive computationally. This study explores the application of a mesh-free method based on deep learning to accelerate the simulation of solute transport. We employ Physics-informed Neural Networks (PiNN) to solve solute transport problems in homogeneous and heterogeneous porous media governed by the advection-dispersion equation. Unlike traditional neural networks that learn from large training datasets, PiNNs only leverage the strong form mathematical models to simultaneously solve for multiple dependent or independent field variables (e.g., pressure and solute concentration fields). In this study, we construct PiNN using a periodic activation function to better represent the complex physical signals (i.e., pressure) and their derivatives (i.e., velocity). Several case studies are designed with the intention of investigating the proposed PiNN's capability to handle different degrees of complexity. A manual hyperparameter tuning method is used to find the best PiNN architecture for each test case. Point-wise error and mean square error (MSE) measures are employed to assess the performance of PiNNs' predictions against the ground truth solutions obtained analytically or numerically using the finite element method. Our findings show that the predictions of PiNN are in good agreement with the ground truth solutions while reducing computational complexity and cost by, at least, three orders of magnitude.
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物理信息的神经网络(PINN)是神经网络(NNS),它们作为神经网络本身的组成部分编码模型方程,例如部分微分方程(PDE)。如今,PINN是用于求解PDE,分数方程,积分分化方程和随机PDE的。这种新颖的方法已成为一个多任务学习框架,在该框架中,NN必须在减少PDE残差的同时拟合观察到的数据。本文对PINNS的文献进行了全面的综述:虽然该研究的主要目标是表征这些网络及其相关的优势和缺点。该综述还试图将出版物纳入更广泛的基于搭配的物理知识的神经网络,这些神经网络构成了香草·皮恩(Vanilla Pinn)以及许多其他变体,例如物理受限的神经网络(PCNN),各种HP-VPINN,变量HP-VPINN,VPINN,VPINN,变体。和保守的Pinn(CPINN)。该研究表明,大多数研究都集中在通过不同的激活功能,梯度优化技术,神经网络结构和损耗功能结构来定制PINN。尽管使用PINN的应用范围广泛,但通过证明其在某些情况下比有限元方法(FEM)等经典数值技术更可行的能力,但仍有可能的进步,最著名的是尚未解决的理论问题。
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深入学习被证明是通过物理信息的神经网络(PINNS)求解部分微分方程(PDE)的有效工具。 Pinns将PDE残差嵌入到神经网络的损耗功能中,已成功用于解决各种前向和逆PDE问题。然而,第一代Pinns的一个缺点是它们通常具有许多训练点即使具有有限的准确性。在这里,我们提出了一种新的方法,梯度增强的物理信息的神经网络(GPInns),用于提高Pinns的准确性和培训效率。 GPInns利用PDE残差的梯度信息,并将梯度嵌入损耗功能。我们广泛地测试了GPinns,并证明了GPInns在前进和反向PDE问题中的有效性。我们的数值结果表明,GPInn比贴图更好地表现出较少的训练点。此外,我们将GPIn与基于残留的自适应细化(RAR)的方法组合,一种用于在训练期间自适应地改善训练点分布的方法,以进一步提高GPInn的性能,尤其是具有陡峭梯度的溶液的PDE。
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在本文中,我们介绍了一种基于距离场的新方法,以确保物理知识的深神经网络中的边界条件。众所周知,满足网状紫外线和颗粒方法中的Dirichlet边界条件的挑战是众所周知的。该问题在物理信息的开发中也是相关的,用于解决部分微分方程的解。我们在人工神经网络中介绍几何意识的试验功能,以改善偏微分方程的深度学习培训。为此,我们使用来自建设性的实体几何(R函数)和广义的等级坐标(平均值潜在字段)的概念来构建$ \ phi $,对域边界的近似距离函数。要恰好施加均匀的Dirichlet边界条件,试验函数乘以\ PHI $乘以PINN近似,并且通过Transfinite插值的泛化用于先验满足的不均匀Dirichlet(必要),Neumann(自然)和Robin边界复杂几何形状的条件。在这样做时,我们消除了与搭配方法中的边界条件满意相关的建模误差,并确保以ritz方法点点到运动可视性。我们在具有仿射和弯曲边界的域上的线性和非线性边值问题的数值解。 1D中的基准问题,用于线性弹性,平面扩散和光束弯曲;考虑了泊松方程的2D,考虑了双音态方程和非线性欧克隆方程。该方法延伸到更高的尺寸,并通过在4D超立方套上解决彼此与均匀的Dirichlet边界条件求泊松问题来展示其使用。该研究提供了用于网眼分析的途径,以在没有域离散化的情况下在确切的几何图形上进行。
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物理知情的神经网络(PINN)要求定期的基础PDE解决方案,以确保准确的近似值。因此,它们可能会在近似PDE的不连续溶液(例如非线性双曲方程)的情况下失败。为了改善这一点,我们提出了一种新颖的PINN变体,称为弱PINN(WPINNS),以准确地近似标量保护定律的熵溶液。WPINN是基于近似于根据Kruzkhov熵定义的残留的最小最大优化问题的解决方案,以确定近似熵解决方案的神经网络的参数以及测试功能。我们证明了WPINN发生的误差的严格界限,并通过数值实验说明了它们的性能,以证明WPINN可以准确地近似熵解决方案。
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物理信息的神经网络(PINN)已证明是解决部分微分方程(PDE)的前进和反问题的有效工具。 PINN将PDE嵌入神经网络的丢失中,并在一组散射的残留点上评估该PDE损失。这些点的分布对于PINN的性能非常重要。但是,在现有的针对PINN的研究中,仅使用了一些简单的残留点抽样方法。在这里,我们介绍了两类采样的全面研究:非自适应均匀抽样和适应性非均匀抽样。我们考虑了六个均匀的采样,包括(1)稳定的均匀网格,(2)均匀随机采样,(3)拉丁语超立方体采样,(4)Halton序列,(5)Hammersley序列和(6)Sobol序列。我们还考虑了用于均匀抽样的重采样策略。为了提高采样效率和PINN的准确性,我们提出了两种新的基于残余的自适应抽样方法:基于残留的自适应分布(RAD)和基于残留的自适应改进,并具有分布(RAR-D),它们会动态地改善基于训练过程中PDE残差的剩余点。因此,我们总共考虑了10种不同的采样方法,包括6种非自适应均匀抽样,重采样的均匀抽样,两种提议的自适应抽样和现有的自适应抽样。我们广泛测试了这些抽样方法在许多设置中的四个正向问题和两个反问题的性能。我们在本研究中介绍的数值结果总结了6000多个PINN的模拟。我们表明,RAD和RAR-D的提议的自适应采样方法显着提高了PINN的准确性,其残留点较少。在这项研究中获得的结果也可以用作选择抽样方法的实用指南。
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The identification of material parameters occurring in constitutive models has a wide range of applications in practice. One of these applications is the monitoring and assessment of the actual condition of infrastructure buildings, as the material parameters directly reflect the resistance of the structures to external impacts. Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) have recently emerged as a suitable method for solving inverse problems. The advantages of this method are a straightforward inclusion of observation data. Unlike grid-based methods, such as the finite element method updating (FEMU) approach, no computational grid and no interpolation of the data is required. In the current work, we aim to further develop PINNs towards the calibration of the linear-elastic constitutive model from full-field displacement and global force data in a realistic regime. We show that normalization and conditioning of the optimization problem play a crucial role in this process. Therefore, among others, we identify the material parameters for initial estimates and balance the individual terms in the loss function. In order to reduce the dependence of the identified material parameters on local errors in the displacement approximation, we base the identification not on the stress boundary conditions but instead on the global balance of internal and external work. In addition, we found that we get a better posed inverse problem if we reformulate it in terms of bulk and shear modulus instead of Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio. We demonstrate that the enhanced PINNs are capable of identifying material parameters from both experimental one-dimensional data and synthetic full-field displacement data in a realistic regime. Since displacement data measured by, e.g., a digital image correlation (DIC) system is noisy, we additionally investigate the robustness of the method to different levels of noise.
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物理知识的神经网络(PINNS)由于能力将物理定律纳入模型,在工程的各个领域都引起了很多关注。但是,对机械和热场之间涉及耦合的工业应用中PINN的评估仍然是一个活跃的研究主题。在这项工作中,我们提出了PINNS在非牛顿流体热机械问题上的应用,该问题通常在橡胶日历过程中考虑。我们证明了PINN在处理逆问题和不良问题时的有效性,这些问题是不切实际的,可以通过经典的数值离散方法解决。我们研究了传感器放置的影响以及无监督点对PINNS性能的分布,即从某些部分数据中推断出隐藏的物理领域的问题。我们还研究了PINN从传感器捕获的测量值中识别未知物理参数的能力。在整个工作中,还考虑了嘈杂测量的效果。本文的结果表明,在识别问题中,PINN可以仅使用传感器上的测量结果成功估算未知参数。在未完全定义边界条件的不足问题中,即使传感器的放置和无监督点的分布对PINNS性能产生了很大的影响,我们表明该算法能够从局部测量中推断出隐藏的物理。
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We propose characteristic-informed neural networks (CINN), a simple and efficient machine learning approach for solving forward and inverse problems involving hyperbolic PDEs. Like physics-informed neural networks (PINN), CINN is a meshless machine learning solver with universal approximation capabilities. Unlike PINN, which enforces a PDE softly via a multi-part loss function, CINN encodes the characteristics of the PDE in a general-purpose deep neural network trained with the usual MSE data-fitting regression loss and standard deep learning optimization methods. This leads to faster training and can avoid well-known pathologies of gradient descent optimization of multi-part PINN loss functions. If the characteristic ODEs can be solved exactly, which is true in important cases, the output of a CINN is an exact solution of the PDE, even at initialization, preventing the occurrence of non-physical outputs. Otherwise, the ODEs must be solved approximately, but the CINN is still trained only using a data-fitting loss function. The performance of CINN is assessed empirically in forward and inverse linear hyperbolic problems. These preliminary results indicate that CINN is able to improve on the accuracy of the baseline PINN, while being nearly twice as fast to train and avoiding non-physical solutions. Future extensions to hyperbolic PDE systems and nonlinear PDEs are also briefly discussed.
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随着计算能力的增加和机器学习的进步,基于数据驱动的学习方法在解决PDE方面引起了极大的关注。物理知识的神经网络(PINN)最近出现并成功地在各种前进和逆PDES问题中取得了成功,其优异的特性,例如灵活性,无网格解决方案和无监督的培训。但是,它们的收敛速度较慢和相对不准确的解决方案通常会限制其在许多科学和工程领域中的更广泛适用性。本文提出了一种新型的数据驱动的PDES求解器,物理知识的细胞表示(Pixel),优雅地结合了经典数值方法和基于学习的方法。我们采用来自数值方法的网格结构,以提高准确性和收敛速度并克服PINN中呈现的光谱偏差。此外,所提出的方法在PINN中具有相同的好处,例如,使用相同的优化框架来解决前进和逆PDE问题,并很容易通过现代自动分化技术强制执行PDE约束。我们为原始Pinn所努力的各种具有挑战性的PDE提供了实验结果,并表明像素达到了快速收敛速度和高精度。
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两个不混溶的流体的位移是多孔介质中流体流动的常见问题。这种问题可以作为局部微分方程(PDE)构成通常被称为Buckley-Leverett(B-L)问题。 B-L问题是一种非线性双曲守护法,众所周知,使用传统的数值方法难以解决。在这里,我们使用物理信息的神经网络(Pinns)使用非凸版通量函数来解决前向双曲线B-L问题。本文的贡献是双重的。首先,我们通过将Oleinik熵条件嵌入神经网络残差来提出一种Pinn方法来解决双曲线B-L问题。我们不使用扩散术语(人工粘度)在残留损失中,但我们依靠PDE的强形式。其次,我们使用ADAM优化器与基于残留的自适应细化(RAR)算法,实现不加权的超低损耗。我们的解决方案方法可以精确地捕获冲击前并产生精确的整体解决方案。我们报告了一个2 x 10-2的L2验证误差和1x 10-6的L2损耗。所提出的方法不需要任何额外的正则化或加权损失以获得这种准确的解决方案。
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Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINN) are algorithms from deep learning leveraging physical laws by including partial differential equations together with a respective set of boundary and initial conditions as penalty terms into their loss function. In this work, we observe the significant role of correctly weighting the combination of multiple competitive loss functions for training PINNs effectively. To this end, we implement and evaluate different methods aiming at balancing the contributions of multiple terms of the PINNs loss function and their gradients. After reviewing of three existing loss scaling approaches (Learning Rate Annealing, GradNorm and SoftAdapt), we propose a novel self-adaptive loss balancing scheme for PINNs named \emph{ReLoBRaLo} (Relative Loss Balancing with Random Lookback). We extensively evaluate the performance of the aforementioned balancing schemes by solving both forward as well as inverse problems on three benchmark PDEs for PINNs: Burgers' equation, Kirchhoff's plate bending equation and Helmholtz's equation. The results show that ReLoBRaLo is able to consistently outperform the baseline of existing scaling methods in terms of accuracy, while also inducing significantly less computational overhead.
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Recent years have witnessed a growth in mathematics for deep learning--which seeks a deeper understanding of the concepts of deep learning with mathematics, and explores how to make it more robust--and deep learning for mathematics, where deep learning algorithms are used to solve problems in mathematics. The latter has popularised the field of scientific machine learning where deep learning is applied to problems in scientific computing. Specifically, more and more neural network architectures have been developed to solve specific classes of partial differential equations (PDEs). Such methods exploit properties that are inherent to PDEs and thus solve the PDEs better than classical feed-forward neural networks, recurrent neural networks, and convolutional neural networks. This has had a great impact in the area of mathematical modeling where parametric PDEs are widely used to model most natural and physical processes arising in science and engineering, In this work, we review such methods and extend them for parametric studies as well as for solving the related inverse problems. We equally proceed to show their relevance in some industrial applications.
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物理知识的神经网络(PINNS)最近由于解决前进和反向问题的能力而受到了很多关注。为了训练与PINN相关的深层神经网络,通常会使用不同损失项的加权总和构建总损耗函数,然后尝试将其最小化。这种方法通常会成为解决刚性方程式的问题,因为它不能考虑自适应增量。许多研究报告说,PINN的性能不佳及其在模拟僵硬的普通差分条件(ODE)条件下模拟僵硬的化学活动问题方面的挑战。研究表明,刚度是PINN在模拟刚性动力学系统中失败的主要原因。在这里,我们通过提出减少损失函数的弱形式来解决这个问题,这导致了新的PINN结构(进一步称为还原Pinn),该结构利用降低的集成方法来使Pinn能够求解僵硬的化学动力学。所提出的还原细菌可以应用于涉及僵硬动力学的各种反应扩散系统。为此,我们将初始价值问题(IVP)转换为它们的等效积分形式,并使用物理知识的神经网络求解所得的积分方程。在我们派生的基于积分的优化过程中,只有一个术语,而没有明确合并与普通微分方程(ODE)和初始条件(ICS)相关的损失项。为了说明减少细菌的功能,我们用它来模拟多个僵硬/轻度的二阶频率。我们表明,还原的Pinn可准确捕获刚性标量颂歌的溶液。我们还针对线性ODES的硬质系统验证了还原的Pinn。
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作为深度学习的典型{Application},物理知识的神经网络(PINN){已成功用于找到部分微分方程(PDES)的数值解决方案(PDES),但是如何提高有限准确性仍然是PINN的巨大挑战。 。在这项工作中,我们引入了一种新方法,对称性增强物理学知情的神经网络(SPINN),其中PDE的谎言对称性诱导的不变表面条件嵌入PINN的损失函数中,以提高PINN的准确性。我们分别通过两组十组独立数值实验来测试SPINN的有效性,分别用于热方程,Korteweg-De Vries(KDV)方程和潜在的汉堡{方程式},这表明Spinn的性能比PINN更好,而PINN的训练点和更简单的结构都更好神经网络。此外,我们讨论了Spinn的计算开销,以PINN的相对计算成本,并表明Spinn的训练时间没有明显的增加,甚至在某些情况下还不是PINN。
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我们制定了一类由物理驱动的深层变量模型(PDDLVM),以学习参数偏微分方程(PDES)的参数到解决方案(正向)和解决方案到参数(逆)图。我们的公式利用有限元方法(FEM),深神经网络和概率建模来组装一个深层概率框架,在该框架中,向前和逆图通过连贯的不确定性量化近似。我们的概率模型明确合并了基于参数PDE的密度和可训练的解决方案到参数网络,而引入的摊销变异家庭假定参数到解决方案网络,所有这些网络均经过联合培训。此外,所提出的方法不需要任何昂贵的PDE解决方案,并且仅在训练时间内对物理信息进行了信息,该方法允许PDE的实时仿真和培训后的逆问题解决方案的产生,绕开了对FEM操作的需求,以相当的准确性,以便于FEM解决方案。提出的框架进一步允许无缝集成观察到的数据,以解决反问题和构建生成模型。我们证明了方法对非线性泊松问题,具有复杂3D几何形状的弹性壳以及整合通用物理信息信息的神经网络(PINN)体系结构的有效性。与传统的FEM求解器相比,训练后,我们最多达到了三个数量级的速度,同时输出连贯的不确定性估计值。
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在本文中,我们演示并调查了一些挑战,这些挑战阻碍了使用物理知识的神经网络解决复杂问题的方式。特别是,我们可视化受过训练的模型的损失景观,并在存在物理学的情况下对反向传播梯度进行灵敏度分析。我们的发现表明,现有的方法产生了难以导航的高度非凸损失景观。此外,高阶PDE污染了可能阻碍或防止收敛的反向传播梯度。然后,我们提出了一种新的方法,该方法绕过了高阶PDE操作员的计算并减轻反向传播梯度的污染。为此,我们降低了解决方案搜索空间的维度,并通过非平滑解决方案促进学习问题。我们的配方还提供了一种反馈机制,可帮助我们的模型适应地专注于难以学习的领域的复杂区域。然后,我们通过调整Lagrange乘数方法来提出一个无约束的二重问题。我们运用我们的方法来解决由线性和非线性PDE控制的几个具有挑战性的基准问题。
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部分微分方程通常用于模拟各种物理现象,例如热扩散,波传播,流体动力学,弹性,电动力学和图像处理,并且已经开发了许多分析方法或传统的数值方法并广泛用于其溶液。受深度学习对科学和工程研究的迅速影响的启发,在本文中,我们提出了一个新型的神经网络GF-NET,以无监督的方式学习绿色的线性反应扩散方程的功能。所提出的方法克服了通过使用物理信息的方法和绿色功能的对称性来查找任意域上方程函数的挑战。结果,它尤其导致了在不同边界条件和来源下解决目标方程的有效方法。我们还通过正方形,环形和L形域中的实验证明了所提出的方法的有效性。
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