人类姿势估计旨在准确估计各种人类姿势。但是，现有的数据集通常遵循长尾巴的分布，而异常姿势仅占据一小部分，这进一步导致缺乏稀有姿势的多样性。这些问题导致当前姿势估计器的概括能力。在本文中，我们提出了一种简单而有效的数据增强方法，称为姿势转化（后部），以减轻上述问题。具体而言，我们建议姿势转化模块（PTM）创建具有多种姿势并采用姿势歧视者的新训练样本，以确保增强姿势的合理性。此外，我们提出姿势聚类模块（PCM）来测量姿势稀有性并选择“最稀有”姿势，以帮助平衡长尾分布。在三个基准数据集上进行的广泛实验证明了我们方法的有效性，尤其是在稀有姿势上。同样，我们的方法是有效且易于实施的，可以轻松地集成到现有姿势估计模型的训练管道中。

本文调查了2D全身人类姿势估计的任务，该任务旨在将整个人体（包括身体，脚，脸部和手）局部定位在整个人体上。我们提出了一种称为Zoomnet的单网络方法，以考虑到完整人体的层次结构，并解决不同身体部位的规模变化。我们进一步提出了一个称为Zoomnas的神经体系结构搜索框架，以促进全身姿势估计的准确性和效率。Zoomnas共同搜索模型体系结构和不同子模块之间的连接，并自动为搜索的子模块分配计算复杂性。为了训练和评估Zoomnas，我们介绍了第一个大型2D人类全身数据集，即可可叶全体V1.0，它注释了133个用于野外图像的关键点。广泛的实验证明了Zoomnas的有效性和可可叶v1.0的重要性。

The topic of multi-person pose estimation has been largely improved recently, especially with the development of convolutional neural network. However, there still exist a lot of challenging cases, such as occluded keypoints, invisible keypoints and complex background, which cannot be well addressed. In this paper, we present a novel network structure called Cascaded Pyramid Network (CPN) which targets to relieve the problem from these "hard" keypoints. More specifically, our algorithm includes two stages: Glob-alNet and RefineNet. GlobalNet is a feature pyramid network which can successfully localize the "simple" keypoints like eyes and hands but may fail to precisely recognize the occluded or invisible keypoints. Our RefineNet tries explicitly handling the "hard" keypoints by integrating all levels of feature representations from the Global-Net together with an online hard keypoint mining loss. In general, to address the multi-person pose estimation problem, a top-down pipeline is adopted to first generate a set of human bounding boxes based on a detector, followed by our CPN for keypoint localization in each human bounding box. Based on the proposed algorithm, we achieve stateof-art results on the COCO keypoint benchmark, with average precision at 73.0 on the COCO test-dev dataset and 72.1 on the COCO test-challenge dataset, which is a 19% relative improvement compared with 60.5 from the COCO 2016 keypoint challenge. Code 1 and the detection results are publicly available for further research.

2D姿势估计的现有作品主要集中在某个类别上，例如人，动物和车辆。但是，有许多应用程序方案需要检测看不见的对象类的姿势/关键点。在本文中，我们介绍了类别不稳定姿势估计（CAPE）的任务，该任务旨在创建一个姿势估计模型，能够检测仅给出一些具有关键点定义的样本的任何类别对象的姿势。为了实现这一目标，我们将姿势估计问题作为关键点匹配问题制定，并设计一个新颖的Cape框架，称为姿势匹配网络（POMNET）。提出了基于变压器的关键点交互模块（KIM），以捕获不同关键点之间的交互以及支持图像和查询图像之间的关系。我们还介绍了多类姿势（MP-100）数据集，该数据集是包含20K实例的100个对象类别的2D姿势数据集，并且经过精心设计用于开发CAPE算法。实验表明，我们的方法的表现优于其他基线方法。代码和数据可在https://github.com/luminxu/pose-for-venthing上找到。

Accurate whole-body multi-person pose estimation and tracking is an important yet challenging topic in computer vision. To capture the subtle actions of humans for complex behavior analysis, whole-body pose estimation including the face, body, hand and foot is essential over conventional body-only pose estimation. In this paper, we present AlphaPose, a system that can perform accurate whole-body pose estimation and tracking jointly while running in realtime. To this end, we propose several new techniques: Symmetric Integral Keypoint Regression (SIKR) for fast and fine localization, Parametric Pose Non-Maximum-Suppression (P-NMS) for eliminating redundant human detections and Pose Aware Identity Embedding for jointly pose estimation and tracking. During training, we resort to Part-Guided Proposal Generator (PGPG) and multi-domain knowledge distillation to further improve the accuracy. Our method is able to localize whole-body keypoints accurately and tracks humans simultaneously given inaccurate bounding boxes and redundant detections. We show a significant improvement over current state-of-the-art methods in both speed and accuracy on COCO-wholebody, COCO, PoseTrack, and our proposed Halpe-FullBody pose estimation dataset. Our model, source codes and dataset are made publicly available at https://github.com/MVIG-SJTU/AlphaPose.

Recently, human pose estimation mainly focuses on how to design a more effective and better deep network structure as human features extractor, and most designed feature extraction networks only introduce the position of each anatomical keypoint to guide their training process. However, we found that some human anatomical keypoints kept their topology invariance, which can help to localize them more accurately when detecting the keypoints on the feature map. But to the best of our knowledge, there is no literature that has specifically studied it. Thus, in this paper, we present a novel 2D human pose estimation method with explicit anatomical keypoints structure constraints, which introduces the topology constraint term that consisting of the differences between the distance and direction of the keypoint-to-keypoint and their groundtruth in the loss object. More importantly, our proposed model can be plugged in the most existing bottom-up or top-down human pose estimation methods and improve their performance. The extensive experiments on the benchmark dataset: COCO keypoint dataset, show that our methods perform favorably against the most existing bottom-up and top-down human pose estimation methods, especially for Lite-HRNet, when our model is plugged into it, its AP scores separately raise by 2.9\% and 3.3\% on COCO val2017 and test-dev2017 datasets.

Object recognition techniques using convolutional neural networks (CNN) have achieved great success. However, state-of-the-art object detection methods still perform poorly on large vocabulary and long-tailed datasets, e.g. LVIS.In this work, we analyze this problem from a novel perspective: each positive sample of one category can be seen as a negative sample for other categories, making the tail categories receive more discouraging gradients. Based on it, we propose a simple but effective loss, named equalization loss, to tackle the problem of long-tailed rare categories by simply ignoring those gradients for rare categories. The equalization loss protects the learning of rare categories from being at a disadvantage during the network parameter updating. Thus the model is capable of learning better discriminative features for objects of rare classes. Without any bells and whistles, our method achieves AP gains of 4.1% and 4.8% for the rare and common categories on the challenging LVIS benchmark, compared to the Mask R-CNN baseline. With the utilization of the effective equalization loss, we finally won the 1st place in the LVIS Challenge 2019. Code has been made available at: https: //github.com/tztztztztz/eql.detectron2

人类茂密的估计旨在建立人体2D像素与3D人体模板之间的密集对应关系，是使机器能够了解图像中人员的关键技术。由于实际场景是复杂的，只有部分注释可用，导致无能为力或错误的估计，它仍然构成了几个挑战。在这项工作中，我们提出了一个新颖的框架，以检测图像中多人的密集。我们指的是知识转移网络（KTN）的建议方法解决了两个主要问题：1）如何完善图像表示以减轻不完整的估计，以及2）如何减少由低质量培训标签引起的错误估计（即。 ，有限的注释和班级不平衡标签）。与现有的作品直接传播区域的锥体特征以进行致密估计，KTN使用金字塔表示的改进，同时它可以维持特征分辨率并抑制背景像素，并且这种策略导致准确性大幅提高。此外，KTN通过外部知识增强了基于3D的身体解析的能力，在该知识中，它通过结构性的身体知识图，从足够的注释作为基于3D的身体解析器进行训练。通过这种方式，它大大减少了由低质量注释引起的不利影响。 KTN的有效性通过其优越的性能优于致密coco数据集的最先进方法。关于代表性任务（例如，人体分割，人体部分分割和关键点检测）和两个流行的致密估计管道（即RCNN和全面卷积框架）的广泛消融研究和实验结果，进一步表明了提议方法的概括性。

我们提出了一种用于多实例姿态估计的端到端培训方法，称为诗人（姿势估计变压器）。将卷积神经网络与变压器编码器 - 解码器架构组合，我们将多个姿势估计从图像标记为直接设置预测问题。我们的模型能够使用双方匹配方案直接出现所有个人的姿势。诗人使用基于集的全局损失进行培训，该丢失包括关键点损耗，可见性损失和载重损失。诗歌的原因与多个检测到的个人与完整图像上下文之间的关系直接预测它们并行姿势。我们展示诗人在Coco Keypoint检测任务上实现了高精度，同时具有比其他自下而上和自上而下的方法更少的参数和更高推理速度。此外，在将诗人应用于动物姿势估计时，我们表现出了成功的转移学习。据我们所知，该模型是第一个端到端的培训多实例姿态估计方法，我们希望它将成为一种简单而有前途的替代方案。

在多人2D姿势估计中，自下而上的方法同时预测了所有人的姿势，与自上而下的方法不同，不依赖于人类的检测。但是，与现有的自上而下方法相比，SOTA自下而上的方法的精度仍然不如较低。这是由于预测的人类姿势是根据不一致的人类边界箱中心进行回归的，并且缺乏人类规范的正常化，从而导致预测的人类姿势被遗漏了不准确和小规模的人。为了推动自下而上的姿势估计的信封，我们首先提出了多尺度训练，以增强网络以通过单尺度测试来处理规模变化，尤其是对于小规模的人。其次，我们介绍了双解剖中心（即头部和身体），在这里我们可以更准确，可靠地预测人类的姿势，尤其是对于小规模的人。此外，现有的自下而上方法采用多尺度测试来以多个额外的前向通行证的价格提高姿势估计的准确性，这削弱了自下而上方法的效率，与自上而下的方法相比，核心强度。相比之下，我们的多尺度训练使该模型能够预测单个前向通行证（即单尺度测试）中的高质量姿势。我们的方法在边界框的精度方面取得了38.4 \％的改进，在边界框上进行了39.1 \％的改进，以对可可的具有挑战性的小规模人群进行对现状（SOTA）的回忆（SOTA）。对于人类姿势AP评估，我们在带有单尺度测试的可可测试-DEV集中实现了新的SOTA（71.0 AP）。我们还在跨数据库评估中在Ochuman数据集上实现了最高的性能（40.3 AP）。

Multi-person pose estimation in the wild is challenging. Although state-of-the-art human detectors have demonstrated good performance, small errors in localization and recognition are inevitable. These errors can cause failures for a single-person pose estimator (SPPE), especially for methods that solely depend on human detection results. In this paper, we propose a novel regional multi-person pose estimation (RMPE) framework to facilitate pose estimation in the presence of inaccurate human bounding boxes. Our framework consists of three components: Symmetric Spatial Transformer Network (SSTN), Parametric Pose Non-Maximum-Suppression (NMS), and Pose-Guided Proposals Generator (PGPG). Our method is able to handle inaccurate bounding boxes and redundant detections, allowing it to achieve 76.7 mAP on the MPII (multi person) dataset [3]. Our model and source codes are made publicly available. † . * part of this work was done when Hao-Shu Fang was an student intern in Tencent § corresponding author is Cewu Lu † https://cvsjtu.wordpress.com/rmpe-regional-multi-person-pose-estimation/

In this paper, we show the surprisingly good properties of plain vision transformers for body pose estimation from various aspects, namely simplicity in model structure, scalability in model size, flexibility in training paradigm, and transferability of knowledge between models, through a simple baseline model dubbed ViTPose. Specifically, ViTPose employs the plain and non-hierarchical vision transformer as an encoder to encode features and a lightweight decoder to decode body keypoints in either a top-down or a bottom-up manner. It can be scaled up from about 20M to 1B parameters by taking advantage of the scalable model capacity and high parallelism of the vision transformer, setting a new Pareto front for throughput and performance. Besides, ViTPose is very flexible regarding the attention type, input resolution, and pre-training and fine-tuning strategy. Based on the flexibility, a novel ViTPose+ model is proposed to deal with heterogeneous body keypoint categories in different types of body pose estimation tasks via knowledge factorization, i.e., adopting task-agnostic and task-specific feed-forward networks in the transformer. We also empirically demonstrate that the knowledge of large ViTPose models can be easily transferred to small ones via a simple knowledge token. Experimental results show that our ViTPose model outperforms representative methods on the challenging MS COCO Human Keypoint Detection benchmark at both top-down and bottom-up settings. Furthermore, our ViTPose+ model achieves state-of-the-art performance simultaneously on a series of body pose estimation tasks, including MS COCO, AI Challenger, OCHuman, MPII for human keypoint detection, COCO-Wholebody for whole-body keypoint detection, as well as AP-10K and APT-36K for animal keypoint detection, without sacrificing inference speed.

我们观察到，由于不同身体部位的生物学约束，人类的姿势表现出强大的群体结构相关性和空间耦合。可以探索这种群体结构相关性，以提高人类姿势估计的准确性和鲁棒性。在这项工作中，我们开发了一个自我控制的预测验证网络，以表征和学习训练过程中关键点之间的结构相关性。在推理阶段，来自验证网络的反馈信息使我们能够进一步优化姿势预测，从而显着提高了人类姿势估计的性能。具体而言，我们根据人体的生物结构将关键点分组分组。在每个组中，关键点进一步分为两个子集，高信心基础关键点和低信心终端关键点。我们开发一个自我约束的预测验证网络，以在这些关键点子集之间执行前向和向后的预测。姿势估计以及通用预测任务中的一个基本挑战是，由于无法获得地面真相，因此我们没有机制可以验证获得的姿势估计或预测结果是否准确。一旦成功学习，验证网络将用作前向姿势预测的准确性验证模块。在推理阶段，它可用于指导低保持信心关键点的姿势估计结果的局部优化，而高信心关键点的自我约束损失是目标函数。我们对基准MS可可和人群数据集的广泛实验结果表明，所提出的方法可以显着改善姿势估计结果。

动物姿势估计和跟踪（APT）是从一系列视频帧中检测和跟踪动物关键的基本任务。以前与动物有关的数据集专注于动物跟踪或单帧动物姿势估计，而从未在这两个方面上进行。缺乏APT数据集​​阻碍了基于视频的动物姿势估计和跟踪方法的开发和评估，限制了现实世界中的应用，例如了解野生动物保护中的动物行为。为了填补这一空白，我们迈出了第一步，并提出了APT-36K，即第一个用于动物姿势估计和跟踪的大规模基准。具体而言，APT-36K由2,400个视频剪辑组成，并从30种动物物种中收集并过滤，每个视频为15帧，总共产生36,000帧。在手动注释和仔细的双重检查之后，为所有动物实例提供了高质量的关键点和跟踪注释。基于APT-36K，我们在以下三个曲目上基准了几个代表性模型：（1）在内部和域间传输学习设置下，在单个框架上进行监督的动物姿势估计，（2）未见的种间域域内概括测试动物，（3）动物跟踪的动物姿势估计。根据实验结果，我们获得了一些经验见解，并表明APT-36K提供了有价值的动物姿势估计和跟踪基准，为未来的研究提供了新的挑战和机会。该代码和数据集将在https://github.com/pandorgan/apt-36k上公​​开提供。

Bottom-up human pose estimation methods have difficulties in predicting the correct pose for small persons due to challenges in scale variation. In this paper, we present HigherHRNet: a novel bottom-up human pose estimation method for learning scale-aware representations using high-resolution feature pyramids. Equipped with multi-resolution supervision for training and multiresolution aggregation for inference, the proposed approach is able to solve the scale variation challenge in bottom-up multi-person pose estimation and localize keypoints more precisely, especially for small person. The feature pyramid in HigherHRNet consists of feature map outputs from HRNet and upsampled higher-resolution outputs through a transposed convolution. HigherHR-Net outperforms the previous best bottom-up method by 2.5% AP for medium person on COCO test-dev, showing its effectiveness in handling scale variation. Furthermore, HigherHRNet achieves new state-of-the-art result on COCO test-dev (70.5% AP) without using refinement or other post-processing techniques, surpassing all existing bottom-up methods. HigherHRNet even surpasses all topdown methods on CrowdPose test (67.6% AP), suggesting its robustness in crowded scene. The code and models are available at https://github.com/HRNet/ Higher-HRNet-Human-Pose-Estimation.

最近，动物姿势估计引起了关注动物行为理解的学术界（例如野生动植物和保护生物学）的兴趣。但是，目前的动物姿势估计遭受了小数据集和较大的数据差异，因此很难获得稳健的性能。为了解决这个问题，我们建议可以利用语言模型学到的与姿势相关语义之间的关系的丰富知识来改善动物姿势估计。因此，在这项研究中，我们介绍了一个新颖的促进框架，以有效地采用语言模型，以更好地根据及时训练来理解动物姿势。在Promptpose中，我们建议将语言知识适应视觉动物的姿势是实现有效动物姿势估计的关键。为此，我们首先介绍文本提示，以在文本语义描述和支持动物关键点功能之间建立连接。此外，我们进一步设计了一个像素级的对比损失，以在文本描述和本地图像特征之间建立密集的联系，以及语义级别的对比损失，以弥合语言图像跨模式预训练的全球对比度之间的差距密集预测中的局部对比。在实践中，Pickerpose在改善动物姿势估计方面显示出巨大的好处。通过进行广泛的实验，我们表明，我们的及时疾病在监督和少量设置下取得了卓越的性能，超过了代表性的方法。源代码和模型将公开可用。

人类的姿势估计旨在弄清不同场景中所有人的关键。尽管结果有希望，但目前的方法仍然面临一些挑战。现有的自上而下的方法单独处理一个人，而没有不同的人与所在的场景之间的相互作用。因此，当发生严重闭塞时，人类检测的表现会降低。另一方面，现有的自下而上方法同时考虑所有人，并捕获整个图像的全局知识。但是，由于尺度变化，它们的准确性不如自上而下的方法。为了解决这些问题，我们通过整合自上而下和自下而上的管道来探索不同接受场的视觉线索并实现其互补性，提出了一种新颖的双皮线整合变压器（DPIT）。具体而言，DPIT由两个分支组成，自下而上的分支介绍了整个图像以捕获全局视觉信息，而自上而下的分支则从单人类边界框中提取本地视觉的特征表示。然后，从自下而上和自上而下的分支中提取的特征表示形式被馈入变压器编码器，以交互融合全局和本地知识。此外，我们定义了关键点查询，以探索全景和单人类姿势视觉线索，以实现两个管道的相互互补性。据我们所知，这是将自下而上和自上而下管道与变压器与人类姿势估计的变压器相结合的最早作品之一。关于可可和MPII数据集的广泛实验表明，我们的DPIT与最先进的方法相当。

In this paper, we are interested in the human pose estimation problem with a focus on learning reliable highresolution representations. Most existing methods recover high-resolution representations from low-resolution representations produced by a high-to-low resolution network. Instead, our proposed network maintains high-resolution representations through the whole process.We start from a high-resolution subnetwork as the first stage, gradually add high-to-low resolution subnetworks one by one to form more stages, and connect the mutliresolution subnetworks in parallel. We conduct repeated multi-scale fusions such that each of the high-to-low resolution representations receives information from other parallel representations over and over, leading to rich highresolution representations. As a result, the predicted keypoint heatmap is potentially more accurate and spatially more precise. We empirically demonstrate the effectiveness of our network through the superior pose estimation results over two benchmark datasets: the COCO keypoint detection dataset and the MPII Human Pose dataset. In addition, we show the superiority of our network in pose tracking on the PoseTrack dataset. The code and models have been publicly available at https://github.com/leoxiaobin/ deep-high-resolution-net.pytorch.

在诸如人类姿态估计的关键点估计任务中，尽管具有显着缺点，但基于热线的回归是主要的方法：Heatmaps本质上遭受量化误差，并且需要过多的计算来产生和后处理。有动力寻找更有效的解决方案，我们提出了一种新的热映射无关声点估计方法，其中各个关键点和空间相关的关键点（即，姿势）被建模为基于密集的单级锚的检测框架内的对象。因此，我们将我们的方法Kapao（发音为“KA-Pow！”）对于关键点并作为对象构成。我们通过同时检测人姿势对象和关键点对象并融合检测来利用两个对象表示的强度来将Kapao应用于单阶段多人人类姿势估算问题。在实验中，我们观察到Kapao明显比以前的方法更快，更准确，这极大地来自热爱处理后处理。此外，在不使用测试时间增强时，精度速度折衷特别有利。我们的大型型号Kapao-L在Microsoft Coco Keypoints验证集上实现了70.6的AP，而无需测试时增强，其比下一个最佳单级模型更准确，4.0 AP更准确。此外，Kapao在重闭塞的存在下擅长。在繁荣试验套上，Kapao-L为一个单级方法实现新的最先进的准确性，AP为68.9。

现成的单阶段多人姿势回归方法通常利用实例得分（即，实例定位的置信度）来指示用于选择姿势候选的姿势质量。我们认为现有范式中有两个差距：〜1）实例分数与姿势回归质量不充分相互关联。〜2）实例特征表示，用于预测实例分数，不会明确地编码结构构成信息预测代表姿势回归质量的合理分数。为了解决上述问题，我们建议学习姿势回归质量感知的表现。具体地，对于第一间隙，而不是使用前一个实例置信度标签（例如，离散{1,0}或高斯表示）来表示人类实例的位置和置信度，我们首先介绍一个统一的实例表示（cir）构成回归质量分数的实例和背景到像素明智的评分映射的置信度，以校准实例分数与姿势回归质量之间的不一致。为了填充第二间隙，我们进一步提出了包括KeyPoint查询编码（KQE）的查询编码模块（QEM）来对每个键盘的位置和语义信息和姿态查询编码（PQE）进行编码，该姿势查询编码（PQE）明确地编码预测的结构姿势信息为了更好地拟合一致的实例表示（CIR）。通过使用拟议的组件，我们显着减轻了上述空白。我们的方法优于以前的基于单级回归的甚至自下而上的方法，实现了71.7 AP在MS Coco Test-Dev集上的最先进结果。