积极的愿景本质上是关注驱动的：代理商积极选择观点，以便快速实现视觉任务，同时改善所观察到的场景的内部表示。受到最近基于关注模型的成功基于单个RGB图像，我们建议使用注意力机制来解决基于多视图深度的主动对象识别，通过开发端到端的反复间3D注意力网络。该架构利用了经常性的神经网络（RNN）来存储和更新内部表示。我们的模型，使用3D形状数据集接受培训，能够迭代地参加定位识别它的感兴趣对象的最佳视图。为了实现3D视图选择，我们得出了一种3D空间变压器网络，可分行，以便利用BackProjagation培训，实现比最现有的基于关注的模型所采用的强化学习更快的收敛。实验表明，我们的方法仅具有深度输入，实现了最先进的下一系列性能，处于时间效率和识别准确性。

同时对象识别和姿势估计是机器人安全与人类和环境安全相互作用的两个关键功能。尽管对象识别和姿势估计都使用视觉输入，但大多数最先进的问题将它们作为两个独立的问题解决，因为前者需要视图不变的表示，而对象姿势估计需要一个与观点有关的描述。如今，多视图卷积神经网络（MVCNN）方法显示出最新的分类性能。尽管已广泛探索了MVCNN对象识别，但对多视图对象构成估计方法的研究很少，而同时解决这两个问题的研究更少。 MVCNN方法中虚拟摄像机的姿势通常是预先定义的，从而绑定了这种方法的应用。在本文中，我们提出了一种能够同时处理对象识别和姿势估计的方法。特别是，我们开发了一个深度的对象不合时宜的熵估计模型，能够预测给定3D对象的最佳观点。然后将对象的视图馈送到网络中，以同时预测目标对象的姿势和类别标签。实验结果表明，从此类位置获得的观点足以达到良好的精度得分。此外，我们设计了现实生活中的饮料场景，以证明拟议方法在真正的机器人任务中的运作效果如何。代码可在线获得：github.com/subhadityamukherjee/more_mvcnn

A longstanding question in computer vision concerns the representation of 3D shapes for recognition: should 3D shapes be represented with descriptors operating on their native 3D formats, such as voxel grid or polygon mesh, or can they be effectively represented with view-based descriptors? We address this question in the context of learning to recognize 3D shapes from a collection of their rendered views on 2D images. We first present a standard CNN architecture trained to recognize the shapes' rendered views independently of each other, and show that a 3D shape can be recognized even from a single view at an accuracy far higher than using state-of-the-art 3D shape descriptors. Recognition rates further increase when multiple views of the shapes are provided. In addition, we present a novel CNN architecture that combines information from multiple views of a 3D shape into a single and compact shape descriptor offering even better recognition performance. The same architecture can be applied to accurately recognize human hand-drawn sketches of shapes. We conclude that a collection of 2D views can be highly informative for 3D shape recognition and is amenable to emerging CNN architectures and their derivatives.

对于旨在提供家庭服务，搜索和救援，狭窄的检查和医疗援助的机器人来说，在未知，混乱的环境中进行积极的感测和计划是一个公开挑战。尽管存在许多主动感应方法，但它们通常考虑开放空间，假设已知设置，或者大多不概括为现实世界的场景。我们介绍了活跃的神经传感方法，该方法通过手持摄像头生成机器人操纵器的运动学可行视点序列，以收集重建基础环境所需的最小观测值。我们的框架积极收集视觉RGBD观测值，将它们汇总到场景表示中，并执行对象形状推断，以避免与环境的不必要的机器人相互作用。我们使用域随机化训练我们的合成数据方法，并通过SIM到实现的传递成功地执行了其成功执行，以重建狭窄，覆盖的，现实的机柜环境，这些环境杂乱无章。由于周围的障碍物和环境较低的照明条件，自然机柜场景对机器人运动和场景重建构成了重大挑战。然而，尽管设置不利，但就各种环境重建指标（包括计划速度，观点数量和整体场景覆盖）而言，我们的方法与基线相比表现出高性能。

我们提出了基于零件的复发多视距聚集网络（PREMA），以消除实际视图缺陷的不利影响，例如观点，闭塞或背景腔，以及增强形状表示的辨别能力。灵感来自人类主要通过其判别部分识别对象的事实，我们定义了多视图相干部分（MCP），判别部分在不同视图中再次进行。我们的Prema可以可靠地定位并有效地利用MCP来构建强大的形状表示。全面地，我们在Prema中设计一个新的区域关注单元（RAU），以计算每个视图的置信度图，并通过应用这些映射来查看特征来提取MCP。Prema通过关联不同视图的功能来突出MCP，并汇总为形状表示的零件感知功能。

3D shape models are becoming widely available and easier to capture, making available 3D information crucial for progress in object classification. Current state-of-theart methods rely on CNNs to address this problem. Recently, we witness two types of CNNs being developed: CNNs based upon volumetric representations versus CNNs based upon multi-view representations. Empirical results from these two types of CNNs exhibit a large gap, indicating that existing volumetric CNN architectures and approaches are unable to fully exploit the power of 3D representations. In this paper, we aim to improve both volumetric CNNs and multi-view CNNs according to extensive analysis of existing approaches. To this end, we introduce two distinct network architectures of volumetric CNNs. In addition, we examine multi-view CNNs, where we introduce multiresolution filtering in 3D. Overall, we are able to outperform current state-of-the-art methods for both volumetric CNNs and multi-view CNNs. We provide extensive experiments designed to evaluate underlying design choices, thus providing a better understanding of the space of methods available for object classification on 3D data.

我们提出了一种新颖的方法，以基于在线RGBD重建与语义分割的在线RGBD重建，提出了一种对未知的室内场景的机器人工作的主动理解。在我们的方法中，探索机器人扫描是由场景中语义对象的识别和分割的驱动和定位。我们的算法基于体积深度融合框架（例如，KinectFusion）之上，并在在线重建卷上执行实时Voxel的语义标记。机器人通过在2D位置和方位角旋转的3D空间上参数化的在线估计的离散观看截由场（VSF）。 VSF为每个网格存储相应视图的分数，测量它减少了几何重建和语义标记的不确定性（熵）。基于VSF，我们选择每个时间步骤的下一个最佳视图（NBV）作为目标。然后，我们通过沿路径和轨迹最大化积分观看分数（信息增益）来共同优化遍历两个相邻的NBV之间的横向路径和相机轨迹。通过广泛的评估，我们表明我们的方法在探索性扫描期间实现了高效准确的在线场景解析。

We propose a differentiable sphere tracing algorithm to bridge the gap between inverse graphics methods and the recently proposed deep learning based implicit signed distance function. Due to the nature of the implicit function, the rendering process requires tremendous function queries, which is particularly problematic when the function is represented as a neural network. We optimize both the forward and backward passes of our rendering layer to make it run efficiently with affordable memory consumption on a commodity graphics card. Our rendering method is fully differentiable such that losses can be directly computed on the rendered 2D observations, and the gradients can be propagated backwards to optimize the 3D geometry. We show that our rendering method can effectively reconstruct accurate 3D shapes from various inputs, such as sparse depth and multi-view images, through inverse optimization. With the geometry based reasoning, our 3D shape prediction methods show excellent generalization capability and robustness against various noises. * Work done while Shaohui Liu was an academic guest at ETH Zurich.

在以人为本的环境中工作的机器人需要知道场景中存在哪种物体，以及如何掌握和操纵不同情况下的各种对象，以帮助人类在日常任务中。因此，对象识别和抓握是此类机器人的两个关键功能。最先进的解决物体识别并将其抓握为两个单独的问题，同时都使用可视输入。此外，在训练阶段之后，机器人的知识是固定的。在这种情况下，如果机器人面临新的对象类别，则必须从划痕中重新培训以结合新信息而无需灾难性干扰。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了一个深入的学习架构，具有增强的存储器能力来处理开放式对象识别和同时抓握。特别地，我们的方法将物体的多视图作为输入，并共同估计像素 - 方向掌握配置以及作为输出的深度和旋转不变表示。然后通过元主动学习技术使用所获得的表示用于开放式对象识别。我们展示了我们掌握从未见过的对象的方法的能力，并在模拟和现实世界中使用非常少数的例子在现场使用很少的例子快速学习新的对象类别。

尽管深度强化学习（RL）最近取得了许多成功，但其方法仍然效率低下，这使得在数据方面解决了昂贵的许多问题。我们的目标是通过利用未标记的数据中的丰富监督信号来进行学习状态表示，以解决这一问题。本文介绍了三种不同的表示算法，可以访问传统RL算法使用的数据源的不同子集使用：（i）GRICA受到独立组件分析（ICA）的启发，并训练深层神经网络以输出统计独立的独立特征。输入。 Grica通过最大程度地减少每个功能与其他功能之间的相互信息来做到这一点。此外，格里卡仅需要未分类的环境状态。 （ii）潜在表示预测（LARP）还需要更多的上下文：除了要求状态作为输入外，它还需要先前的状态和连接它们的动作。该方法通过预测当前状态和行动的环境的下一个状态来学习状态表示。预测器与图形搜索算法一起使用。 （iii）重新培训通过训练深层神经网络来学习国家表示，以学习奖励功能的平滑版本。该表示形式用于预处理输入到深度RL，而奖励预测指标用于奖励成型。此方法仅需要环境中的状态奖励对学习表示表示。我们发现，每种方法都有其优势和缺点，并从我们的实验中得出结论，包括无监督的代表性学习在RL解决问题的管道中可以加快学习的速度。

Multi-view projection techniques have shown themselves to be highly effective in achieving top-performing results in the recognition of 3D shapes. These methods involve learning how to combine information from multiple view-points. However, the camera view-points from which these views are obtained are often fixed for all shapes. To overcome the static nature of current multi-view techniques, we propose learning these view-points. Specifically, we introduce the Multi-View Transformation Network (MVTN), which uses differentiable rendering to determine optimal view-points for 3D shape recognition. As a result, MVTN can be trained end-to-end with any multi-view network for 3D shape classification. We integrate MVTN into a novel adaptive multi-view pipeline that is capable of rendering both 3D meshes and point clouds. Our approach demonstrates state-of-the-art performance in 3D classification and shape retrieval on several benchmarks (ModelNet40, ScanObjectNN, ShapeNet Core55). Further analysis indicates that our approach exhibits improved robustness to occlusion compared to other methods. We also investigate additional aspects of MVTN, such as 2D pretraining and its use for segmentation. To support further research in this area, we have released MVTorch, a PyTorch library for 3D understanding and generation using multi-view projections.

Point cloud learning has lately attracted increasing attention due to its wide applications in many areas, such as computer vision, autonomous driving, and robotics. As a dominating technique in AI, deep learning has been successfully used to solve various 2D vision problems. However, deep learning on point clouds is still in its infancy due to the unique challenges faced by the processing of point clouds with deep neural networks. Recently, deep learning on point clouds has become even thriving, with numerous methods being proposed to address different problems in this area. To stimulate future research, this paper presents a comprehensive review of recent progress in deep learning methods for point clouds. It covers three major tasks, including 3D shape classification, 3D object detection and tracking, and 3D point cloud segmentation. It also presents comparative results on several publicly available datasets, together with insightful observations and inspiring future research directions.

3D shape is a crucial but heavily underutilized cue in today's computer vision systems, mostly due to the lack of a good generic shape representation. With the recent availability of inexpensive 2.5D depth sensors (e.g. Microsoft Kinect), it is becoming increasingly important to have a powerful 3D shape representation in the loop. Apart from category recognition, recovering full 3D shapes from viewbased 2.5D depth maps is also a critical part of visual understanding. To this end, we propose to represent a geometric 3D shape as a probability distribution of binary variables on a 3D voxel grid, using a Convolutional Deep Belief Network. Our model, 3D ShapeNets, learns the distribution of complex 3D shapes across different object categories and arbitrary poses from raw CAD data, and discovers hierarchical compositional part representations automatically. It naturally supports joint object recognition and shape completion from 2.5D depth maps, and it enables active object recognition through view planning. To train our 3D deep learning model, we construct ModelNet -a large-scale 3D CAD model dataset. Extensive experiments show that our 3D deep representation enables significant performance improvement over the-state-of-the-arts in a variety of tasks.

传统上，本征成像或内在图像分解被描述为将图像分解为两层：反射率，材料的反射率;和一个阴影，由光和几何之间的相互作用产生。近年来，深入学习技术已广泛应用，以提高这些分离的准确性。在本调查中，我们概述了那些在知名内在图像数据集和文献中使用的相关度量的结果，讨论了预测所需的内在图像分解的适用性。虽然Lambertian的假设仍然是许多方法的基础，但我们表明，对图像形成过程更复杂的物理原理组件的潜力越来越意识到，这是光学准确的材料模型和几何形状，更完整的逆轻型运输估计。考虑使用的前瞻和模型以及驾驶分解过程的学习架构和方法，我们将这些方法分类为分解的类型。考虑到最近神经，逆和可微分的渲染技术的进步，我们还提供了关于未来研究方向的见解。

We present a learnt system for multi-view stereopsis. In contrast to recent learning based methods for 3D reconstruction, we leverage the underlying 3D geometry of the problem through feature projection and unprojection along viewing rays. By formulating these operations in a differentiable manner, we are able to learn the system end-to-end for the task of metric 3D reconstruction. End-to-end learning allows us to jointly reason about shape priors while conforming to geometric constraints, enabling reconstruction from much fewer images (even a single image) than required by classical approaches as well as completion of unseen surfaces. We thoroughly evaluate our approach on the ShapeNet dataset and demonstrate the benefits over classical approaches and recent learning based methods.

Applying convolutional neural networks to large images is computationally expensive because the amount of computation scales linearly with the number of image pixels. We present a novel recurrent neural network model that is capable of extracting information from an image or video by adaptively selecting a sequence of regions or locations and only processing the selected regions at high resolution. Like convolutional neural networks, the proposed model has a degree of translation invariance built-in, but the amount of computation it performs can be controlled independently of the input image size. While the model is non-differentiable, it can be trained using reinforcement learning methods to learn task-specific policies. We evaluate our model on several image classification tasks, where it significantly outperforms a convolutional neural network baseline on cluttered images, and on a dynamic visual control problem, where it learns to track a simple object without an explicit training signal for doing so.

使用经常性神经网络进行视觉关注的想法在计算机视觉社区中受到普及。虽然经常性注意模型（RAM）利用闪烁的贴片尺寸以增加其范围，但它可能导致高方差和不稳定性。例如，我们需要高斯策略具有高差异来探索大型图像中的兴趣对象，这可能导致随机搜索和不稳定的学习。在本文中，我们建议将自上而下和自下而上的关注统一，以进行反复性的视觉关注。我们的模型利用了图像金字塔和Q学习，以在自上而下的注意机制中选择利益区域，这反过来又指导了自下而上的方法的政策搜索。此外，我们在自下而上的经常性神经网络中添加了另外两个约束，以便更好地探索。我们在端到端强化学习框架中培训我们的模型，并在视觉分类任务中评估我们的方法。实验结果优于卷积神经网络（CNNS）基线和可视分类任务的自下而上的经常性注意模型。

多视图投影方法在3D理解任务等方面表现出有希望的性能，如3D分类和分割。然而，它仍然不明确如何将这种多视图方法与广泛可用的3D点云组合。以前的方法使用未受忘掉的启发式方法在点级别结合功能。为此，我们介绍了多视图点云（vinoint云）的概念，表示每个3D点作为从多个视图点提取的一组功能。这种新颖的3D Vintor云表示将3D点云表示的紧凑性与多视图表示的自然观。当然，我们可以用卷积和汇集操作配备这一新的表示。我们以理论上建立的功能形式部署了Voint神经网络（vointnet），以学习vinite空间中的表示。我们的小说代表在ScanObjectnn，ModelNet40和ShapEnet​​ Core55上实现了3D分类和检索的最先进的性能。此外，我们在ShapeNet零件上实现了3D语义细分的竞争性能。进一步的分析表明，与其他方法相比，求力提高了旋转和闭塞的鲁棒性。

综合照片 - 现实图像和视频是计算机图形的核心，并且是几十年的研究焦点。传统上，使用渲染算法（如光栅化或射线跟踪）生成场景的合成图像，其将几何形状和材料属性的表示为输入。统称，这些输入定义了实际场景和呈现的内容，并且被称为场景表示（其中场景由一个或多个对象组成）。示例场景表示是具有附带纹理的三角形网格（例如，由艺术家创建），点云（例如，来自深度传感器），体积网格（例如，来自CT扫描）或隐式曲面函数（例如，截短的符号距离）字段）。使用可分辨率渲染损耗的观察结果的这种场景表示的重建被称为逆图形或反向渲染。神经渲染密切相关，并将思想与经典计算机图形和机器学习中的思想相结合，以创建用于合成来自真实观察图像的图像的算法。神经渲染是朝向合成照片现实图像和视频内容的目标的跨越。近年来，我们通过数百个出版物显示了这一领域的巨大进展，这些出版物显示了将被动组件注入渲染管道的不同方式。这种最先进的神经渲染进步的报告侧重于将经典渲染原则与学习的3D场景表示结合的方法，通常现在被称为神经场景表示。这些方法的一个关键优势在于它们是通过设计的3D-一致，使诸如新颖的视点合成捕获场景的应用。除了处理静态场景的方法外，我们还涵盖了用于建模非刚性变形对象的神经场景表示...

人类行动识别是计算机视觉中的重要应用领域。它的主要目的是准确地描述人类的行为及其相互作用，从传感器获得的先前看不见的数据序列中。识别，理解和预测复杂人类行动的能力能够构建许多重要的应用，例如智能监视系统，人力计算机界面，医疗保健，安全和军事应用。近年来，计算机视觉社区特别关注深度学习。本文使用深度学习技术的视频分析概述了当前的动作识别最新识别。我们提出了识别人类行为的最重要的深度学习模型，并分析它们，以提供用于解决人类行动识别问题的深度学习算法的当前进展，以突出其优势和缺点。基于文献中报道的识别精度的定量分析，我们的研究确定了动作识别中最新的深层体系结构，然后为该领域的未来工作提供当前的趋势和开放问题。