相对摄像头姿势估计，即使用在不同位置拍摄的一对图像来估算翻译和旋转向量，是增强现实和机器人技术系统中系统的重要组成部分。在本文中，我们使用独立于摄像机参数的暹罗体系结构提出了端到端的相对摄像头姿势估计网络。使用剑桥地标数据和四个单独的场景数据集和一个结合四个场景的数据集对网络进行培训。为了改善概括，我们提出了一种新颖的两阶段训练，以减轻超参数以平衡翻译和旋转损失量表的需求。将提出的方法与基于CNN的一阶段培训方法（例如RPNET和RCPNET）进行了比较，并证明了所提出的模型在Kings College，Old Hospital和St Marys上提出的翻译量估计提高了16.11％，28.88％和52.27％教堂场景分别。为了证明纹理不变性，我们使用生成的对抗网络研究了提出的方法的概括，将数据集扩展到不同场景样式，作为消融研究。此外，我们对网络预测和地面真相构成的异性线进行定性评估。

This paper proposes a generalizable, end-to-end deep learning-based method for relative pose regression between two images. Given two images of the same scene captured from different viewpoints, our algorithm predicts the relative rotation and translation between the two respective cameras. Despite recent progress in the field, current deep-based methods exhibit only limited generalization to scenes not seen in training. Our approach introduces a network architecture that extracts a grid of coarse features for each input image using the pre-trained LoFTR network. It subsequently relates corresponding features in the two images, and finally uses a convolutional network to recover the relative rotation and translation between the respective cameras. Our experiments indicate that the proposed architecture can generalize to novel scenes, obtaining higher accuracy than existing deep-learning-based methods in various settings and datasets, in particular with limited training data.

小天体的任务在很大程度上依赖于光学特征跟踪，以表征和相对导航。尽管深度学习导致了功能检测和描述方面的巨大进步，但由于大规模，带注释的数据集的可用性有限，因此培训和验证了空间应用程序的数据驱动模型具有挑战性。本文介绍了Astrovision，这是一个大规模数据集，由115,970个密集注释的，真实的图像组成，这些图像是过去和正在进行的任务中捕获的16个不同物体的真实图像。我们利用Astrovision开发一组标准化基准，并对手工和数据驱动的功能检测和描述方法进行详尽的评估。接下来，我们采用Astrovision对最先进的，深刻的功能检测和描述网络进行端到端培训，并在多个基准测试中表现出改善的性能。将公开使用完整的基准管道和数据集，以促进用于空间应用程序的计算机视觉算法的发展。

Camera pose estimation is a key step in standard 3D reconstruction pipelines that operate on a dense set of images of a single object or scene. However, methods for pose estimation often fail when only a few images are available because they rely on the ability to robustly identify and match visual features between image pairs. While these methods can work robustly with dense camera views, capturing a large set of images can be time-consuming or impractical. We propose SparsePose for recovering accurate camera poses given a sparse set of wide-baseline images (fewer than 10). The method learns to regress initial camera poses and then iteratively refine them after training on a large-scale dataset of objects (Co3D: Common Objects in 3D). SparsePose significantly outperforms conventional and learning-based baselines in recovering accurate camera rotations and translations. We also demonstrate our pipeline for high-fidelity 3D reconstruction using only 5-9 images of an object.

在本文中，我们建议超越建立的基于视觉的本地化方法，该方法依赖于查询图像和3D点云之间的视觉描述符匹配。尽管通过视觉描述符匹配关键点使本地化高度准确，但它具有重大的存储需求，提出了隐私问题，并需要长期对描述符进行更新。为了优雅地应对大规模定位的实用挑战，我们提出了Gomatch，这是基于视觉的匹配的替代方法，仅依靠几何信息来匹配图像键点与地图的匹配，这是轴承矢量集。我们的新型轴承矢量表示3D点，可显着缓解基于几何的匹配中的跨模式挑战，这阻止了先前的工作在现实环境中解决本地化。凭借额外的仔细建筑设计，Gomatch在先前的基于几何的匹配工作中改善了（1067m，95.7升）和（1.43m，34.7摄氏度），平均中位数姿势错误，同时需要7个尺寸，同时需要7片。与最佳基于视觉的匹配方法相比，几乎1.5/1.7％的存储容量。这证实了其对现实世界本地化的潜力和可行性，并为不需要存储视觉描述符的城市规模的视觉定位方法打开了未来努力的大门。

Figure 1: PoseNet: Convolutional neural network monocular camera relocalization. Relocalization results for an input image (top), the predicted camera pose of a visual reconstruction (middle), shown again overlaid in red on the original image (bottom). Our system relocalizes to within approximately 2m and 6 • for large outdoor scenes spanning 50, 000m 2 . For an online demonstration, please see our project webpage: mi.eng.cam.ac.uk/projects/relocalisation/

Estimating 6D poses of objects from images is an important problem in various applications such as robot manipulation and virtual reality. While direct regression of images to object poses has limited accuracy, matching rendered images of an object against the input image can produce accurate results. In this work, we propose a novel deep neural network for 6D pose matching named DeepIM. Given an initial pose estimation, our network is able to iteratively refine the pose by matching the rendered image against the observed image. The network is trained to predict a relative pose transformation using a disentangled representation of 3D location and 3D orientation and an iterative training process. Experiments on two commonly used benchmarks for 6D pose estimation demonstrate that DeepIM achieves large improvements over stateof-the-art methods. We furthermore show that DeepIM is able to match previously unseen objects.

This paper introduces SuperGlue, a neural network that matches two sets of local features by jointly finding correspondences and rejecting non-matchable points. Assignments are estimated by solving a differentiable optimal transport problem, whose costs are predicted by a graph neural network. We introduce a flexible context aggregation mechanism based on attention, enabling SuperGlue to reason about the underlying 3D scene and feature assignments jointly. Compared to traditional, hand-designed heuristics, our technique learns priors over geometric transformations and regularities of the 3D world through end-to-end training from image pairs. SuperGlue outperforms other learned approaches and achieves state-of-the-art results on the task of pose estimation in challenging real-world indoor and outdoor environments. The proposed method performs matching in real-time on a modern GPU and can be readily integrated into modern SfM or SLAM systems. The code and trained weights are publicly available at github.com/magicleap/SuperGluePretrainedNetwork.

6D object pose estimation problem has been extensively studied in the field of Computer Vision and Robotics. It has wide range of applications such as robot manipulation, augmented reality, and 3D scene understanding. With the advent of Deep Learning, many breakthroughs have been made; however, approaches continue to struggle when they encounter unseen instances, new categories, or real-world challenges such as cluttered backgrounds and occlusions. In this study, we will explore the available methods based on input modality, problem formulation, and whether it is a category-level or instance-level approach. As a part of our discussion, we will focus on how 6D object pose estimation can be used for understanding 3D scenes.

Camera relocalization involving a prior 3D reconstruction plays a crucial role in many mixed reality and robotics applications. Estimating the camera pose directly with respect to pre-built 3D models can be prohibitively expensive for several applications with limited storage and/or communication bandwidth. Although recent scene and absolute pose regression methods have become popular for efficient camera localization, most of them are computation-resource intensive and difficult to obtain a real-time inference with high accuracy constraints. This study proposes a simple scene regression method that requires only a multi-layer perceptron network for mapping scene coordinates to achieve accurate camera pose estimations. The proposed approach uses sparse descriptors to regress the scene coordinates, instead of a dense RGB image. The use of sparse features provides several advantages. First, the proposed regressor network is substantially smaller than those reported in previous studies. This makes our system highly efficient and scalable. Second, the pre-built 3D models provide the most reliable and robust 2D-3D matches. Therefore, learning from them can lead to an awareness of equivalent features and substantially improve the generalization performance. A detailed analysis of our approach and extensive evaluations using existing datasets are provided to support the proposed method. The implementation detail is available at https://github.com/aislab/feat2map

学习3D对象类别的传统方法使用合成数据或手动监控。在本文中，我们提出了一种不需要手动注释的方法，而是通过观察来自移动的有利点的物体来阐述。我们的系统在两种创新上构建：暹罗视点分解网络，不太明确地比较3D形状，强大地对准不同的视频;和3D形状完成网络可以从部分观察中提取对象的完整形状。我们还展示了配置网络来执行概率预测以及几何感知数据增强方案的好处。我们在公开可用的基准上获得最先进的结果。

准确的相机姿势估计是许多应用程序（例如自动驾驶，移动机器人技术和增强现实）的基本要求。在这项工作中，我们解决了在给定环境中从单个RGB图像中估算全局6 DOF摄像头的问题。以前的作品考虑图像的每个部分都有价值对于本地化。但是，许多图像区域，例如天空，遮挡和重复的非固定模式，不能用于本地化。除了添加不必要的计算工作外，从此类地区提取和匹配功能还会产生许多错误的匹配，从而降低了本地化准确性和效率。我们的工作解决了这一特定问题，并通过利用有趣的3D模型的有趣概念来显示，我们可以利用歧视性环境零件并避免出于单个图像本地化而避免无用的图像区域。有趣的是，通过避免从树木，灌木丛，汽车，行人和遮挡等不可靠的图像区域中选择关键点，我们的工作自然而然地作为离群过滤器。这使我们的系统高效，在最小的对应关系中，由于异常值的数量很少，因此需要高度准确。我们的工作超过了室外剑桥地标数据集的最新方法。仅在推理上依靠单个图像，它的精度方法超过了构成姿势先验和/或参考3D模型的精度方法，同时更快。通过选择仅100个对应关系，它超过了从数千个对应关系进行定位的类似方法，同时更有效。特别是，与这些方法相比，它实现了，在旧院面场景中，本地化提高了33％。此外，它甚至可以从图像顺序中学习的直接姿势回归器

Estimating the 6D pose of known objects is important for robots to interact with the real world. The problem is challenging due to the variety of objects as well as the complexity of a scene caused by clutter and occlusions between objects. In this work, we introduce PoseCNN, a new Convolutional Neural Network for 6D object pose estimation. PoseCNN estimates the 3D translation of an object by localizing its center in the image and predicting its distance from the camera. The 3D rotation of the object is estimated by regressing to a quaternion representation. We also introduce a novel loss function that enables PoseCNN to handle symmetric objects. In addition, we contribute a large scale video dataset for 6D object pose estimation named the YCB-Video dataset. Our dataset provides accurate 6D poses of 21 objects from the YCB dataset observed in 92 videos with 133,827 frames. We conduct extensive experiments on our YCB-Video dataset and the OccludedLINEMOD dataset to show that PoseCNN is highly robust to occlusions, can handle symmetric objects, and provide accurate pose estimation using only color images as input. When using depth data to further refine the poses, our approach achieves state-of-the-art results on the challenging OccludedLINEMOD dataset. Our code and dataset are available at https://rse-lab.cs.washington.edu/projects/posecnn/.

我们提出了一种新颖的方法，可以可靠地估计相机的姿势，并在极端环境中获得的一系列图像，例如深海或外星地形。在这些挑战性条件下获得的数据被无纹理表面，图像退化以及重复性和高度模棱两可的结构所破坏。当天真地部署时，最先进的方法可能会在我们的经验分析确认的那些情况下失败。在本文中，我们试图在这些极端情况下使摄像机重新定位起作用。为此，我们提出：（i）一个分层定位系统，我们利用时间信息和（ii）一种新颖的环境感知图像增强方法来提高鲁棒性和准确性。我们广泛的实验结果表明，在两个极端环境下我们的方法有利于我们的方法：将自动的水下车辆定位，并将行星漫游者定位在火星样的沙漠中。此外，我们的方法仅使用20％的培训数据就可以在室内基准（7片数据集）上使用最先进的方法（7片数据集）实现可比性的性能。

对绝对姿势回归剂（APR）网络进行训练，以估计给定捕获图像的相机姿势。他们计算了摄像机位置和方向回归的潜在图像表示。与提供最新精度的基于结构的本地化方案相比，APRS在本地化精度，运行时和内存之间提供了不同的权衡。在这项工作中，我们介绍了相机姿势自动编码器（PAE），多层感知器通过教师学生的方法进行培训，以用APR作为老师来编码相机姿势。我们表明，由此产生的潜在姿势表示可以密切复制APR性能，并证明其对相关任务的有效性。具体而言，我们提出了一个轻巧的测试时间优化，其中最接近火车的姿势编码并用于完善摄像头位置估计。该过程在剑桥大标记和7Scenes基准上都达到了APRS的新最新位置精度。我们还表明，可以从学到的姿势编码中重建火车图像，为以低内存成本以较低的存储器成本整合火车的视觉信息铺平了道路。我们的代码和预培训模型可在https://github.com/yolish/camera-pose-auto-coders上找到。

We introduce an approach for recovering the 6D pose of multiple known objects in a scene captured by a set of input images with unknown camera viewpoints. First, we present a single-view single-object 6D pose estimation method, which we use to generate 6D object pose hypotheses. Second, we develop a robust method for matching individual 6D object pose hypotheses across different input images in order to jointly estimate camera viewpoints and 6D poses of all objects in a single consistent scene. Our approach explicitly handles object symmetries, does not require depth measurements, is robust to missing or incorrect object hypotheses, and automatically recovers the number of objects in the scene. Third, we develop a method for global scene refinement given multiple object hypotheses and their correspondences across views. This is achieved by solving an object-level bundle adjustment problem that refines the poses of cameras and objects to minimize the reprojection error in all views. We demonstrate that the proposed method, dubbed Cosy-Pose, outperforms current state-of-the-art results for single-view and multi-view 6D object pose estimation by a large margin on two challenging benchmarks: the YCB-Video and T-LESS datasets. Code and pre-trained models are available on the project webpage. 5

我们提出了一种称为DPODV2（密集姿势对象检测器）的三个阶段6 DOF对象检测方法，该方法依赖于致密的对应关系。我们将2D对象检测器与密集的对应关系网络和多视图姿势细化方法相结合，以估计完整的6 DOF姿势。与通常仅限于单眼RGB图像的其他深度学习方法不同，我们提出了一个统一的深度学习网络，允许使用不同的成像方式（RGB或DEPTH）。此外，我们提出了一种基于可区分渲染的新型姿势改进方法。主要概念是在多个视图中比较预测并渲染对应关系，以获得与所有视图中预测的对应关系一致的姿势。我们提出的方法对受控设置中的不同数据方式和培训数据类型进行了严格的评估。主要结论是，RGB在对应性估计中表现出色，而如果有良好的3D-3D对应关系，则深度有助于姿势精度。自然，他们的组合可以实现总体最佳性能。我们进行广泛的评估和消融研究，以分析和验证几个具有挑战性的数据集的结果。 DPODV2在所有这些方面都取得了出色的成果，同时仍然保持快速和可扩展性，独立于使用的数据模式和培训数据的类型

尽管提取了通过手工制作和基于学习的描述符实现的本地特征的进步，但它们仍然受到不符合非刚性转换的不变性的限制。在本文中，我们提出了一种计算来自静止图像的特征的新方法，该特征对于非刚性变形稳健，以避免匹配可变形表面和物体的问题。我们的变形感知当地描述符，命名优惠，利用极性采样和空间变压器翘曲，以提供旋转，尺度和图像变形的不变性。我们通过将等距非刚性变形应用于模拟环境中的对象作为指导来提供高度辨别的本地特征来培训模型架构端到端。该实验表明，我们的方法优于静止图像中的实际和现实合成可变形对象的不同数据集中的最先进的手工制作，基于学习的图像和RGB-D描述符。描述符的源代码和培训模型在https://www.verlab.dcc.ufmg.br/descriptors/neUrips2021上公开可用。

我们提出了一个简单的基线，用于直接估计两个图像之间的相对姿势（旋转和翻译，包括比例）。深度方法最近显示出很强的进步，但通常需要复杂或多阶段的体系结构。我们表明，可以将少数修改应用于视觉变压器（VIT），以使其计算接近八点算法。这种归纳偏见使一种简单的方法在多种环境中具有竞争力，通常在有限的数据制度中具有强劲的性能增长，从而实质上有所改善。

地理定位的概念是指确定地球上的某些“实体”的位置的过程，通常使用全球定位系统（GPS）坐标。感兴趣的实体可以是图像，图像序列，视频，卫星图像，甚至图像中可见的物体。由于GPS标记媒体的大规模数据集由于智能手机和互联网而迅速变得可用，而深入学习已经上升以提高机器学习模型的性能能力，因此由于其显着影响而出现了视觉和对象地理定位的领域广泛的应用，如增强现实，机器人，自驾驶车辆，道路维护和3D重建。本文提供了对涉及图像的地理定位的全面调查，其涉及从捕获图像（图像地理定位）或图像内的地理定位对象（对象地理定位）的地理定位的综合调查。我们将提供深入的研究，包括流行算法的摘要，对所提出的数据集的描述以及性能结果的分析来说明每个字段的当前状态。