In this paper, we present a simple yet surprisingly effective technique to induce "selective amnesia" on a backdoored model. Our approach, called SEAM, has been inspired by the problem of catastrophic forgetting (CF), a long standing issue in continual learning. Our idea is to retrain a given DNN model on randomly labeled clean data, to induce a CF on the model, leading to a sudden forget on both primary and backdoor tasks; then we recover the primary task by retraining the randomized model on correctly labeled clean data. We analyzed SEAM by modeling the unlearning process as continual learning and further approximating a DNN using Neural Tangent Kernel for measuring CF. Our analysis shows that our random-labeling approach actually maximizes the CF on an unknown backdoor in the absence of triggered inputs, and also preserves some feature extraction in the network to enable a fast revival of the primary task. We further evaluated SEAM on both image processing and Natural Language Processing tasks, under both data contamination and training manipulation attacks, over thousands of models either trained on popular image datasets or provided by the TrojAI competition. Our experiments show that SEAM vastly outperforms the state-of-the-art unlearning techniques, achieving a high Fidelity (measuring the gap between the accuracy of the primary task and that of the backdoor) within a few minutes (about 30 times faster than training a model from scratch using the MNIST dataset), with only a small amount of clean data (0.1% of training data for TrojAI models).

与令人印象深刻的进步触动了我们社会的各个方面，基于深度神经网络（DNN）的AI技术正在带来越来越多的安全问题。虽然在考试时间运行的攻击垄断了研究人员的初始关注，但是通过干扰培训过程来利用破坏DNN模型的可能性，代表了破坏训练过程的可能性，这是破坏AI技术的可靠性的进一步严重威胁。在后门攻击中，攻击者损坏了培训数据，以便在测试时间诱导错误的行为。然而，测试时间误差仅在存在与正确制作的输入样本对应的触发事件的情况下被激活。通过这种方式，损坏的网络继续正常输入的预期工作，并且只有当攻击者决定激活网络内隐藏的后门时，才会发生恶意行为。在过去几年中，后门攻击一直是强烈的研究活动的主题，重点是新的攻击阶段的发展，以及可能对策的提议。此概述文件的目标是审查发表的作品，直到现在，分类到目前为止提出的不同类型的攻击和防御。指导分析的分类基于攻击者对培训过程的控制量，以及防御者验证用于培训的数据的完整性，并监控DNN在培训和测试中的操作时间。因此，拟议的分析特别适合于参考他们在运营的应用方案的攻击和防御的强度和弱点。

后门攻击已成为深度神经网络（DNN）的主要安全威胁。虽然现有的防御方法在检测或擦除后以后展示了有希望的结果，但仍然尚不清楚是否可以设计强大的培训方法，以防止后门触发器首先注入训练的模型。在本文中，我们介绍了\ emph {反后门学习}的概念，旨在培训\ emph {Clean}模型给出了后门中毒数据。我们将整体学习过程框架作为学习\ emph {clean}和\ emph {backdoor}部分的双重任务。从这种观点来看，我们确定了两个后门攻击的固有特征，因为他们的弱点2）后门任务与特定类（后门目标类）相关联。根据这两个弱点，我们提出了一般学习计划，反后门学习（ABL），在培训期间自动防止后门攻击。 ABL引入了标准培训的两级\ EMPH {梯度上升}机制，帮助分离早期训练阶段的后台示例，2）在后续训练阶段中断后门示例和目标类之间的相关性。通过对多个基准数据集的广泛实验，针对10个最先进的攻击，我们经验证明，后卫中毒数据上的ABL培训模型实现了与纯净清洁数据训练的相同性能。代码可用于\ url {https:/github.com/boylyg/abl}。

Dataset distillation has emerged as a prominent technique to improve data efficiency when training machine learning models. It encapsulates the knowledge from a large dataset into a smaller synthetic dataset. A model trained on this smaller distilled dataset can attain comparable performance to a model trained on the original training dataset. However, the existing dataset distillation techniques mainly aim at achieving the best trade-off between resource usage efficiency and model utility. The security risks stemming from them have not been explored. This study performs the first backdoor attack against the models trained on the data distilled by dataset distillation models in the image domain. Concretely, we inject triggers into the synthetic data during the distillation procedure rather than during the model training stage, where all previous attacks are performed. We propose two types of backdoor attacks, namely NAIVEATTACK and DOORPING. NAIVEATTACK simply adds triggers to the raw data at the initial distillation phase, while DOORPING iteratively updates the triggers during the entire distillation procedure. We conduct extensive evaluations on multiple datasets, architectures, and dataset distillation techniques. Empirical evaluation shows that NAIVEATTACK achieves decent attack success rate (ASR) scores in some cases, while DOORPING reaches higher ASR scores (close to 1.0) in all cases. Furthermore, we conduct a comprehensive ablation study to analyze the factors that may affect the attack performance. Finally, we evaluate multiple defense mechanisms against our backdoor attacks and show that our attacks can practically circumvent these defense mechanisms.

Backdoor attacks represent one of the major threats to machine learning models. Various efforts have been made to mitigate backdoors. However, existing defenses have become increasingly complex and often require high computational resources or may also jeopardize models' utility. In this work, we show that fine-tuning, one of the most common and easy-to-adopt machine learning training operations, can effectively remove backdoors from machine learning models while maintaining high model utility. Extensive experiments over three machine learning paradigms show that fine-tuning and our newly proposed super-fine-tuning achieve strong defense performance. Furthermore, we coin a new term, namely backdoor sequela, to measure the changes in model vulnerabilities to other attacks before and after the backdoor has been removed. Empirical evaluation shows that, compared to other defense methods, super-fine-tuning leaves limited backdoor sequela. We hope our results can help machine learning model owners better protect their models from backdoor threats. Also, it calls for the design of more advanced attacks in order to comprehensively assess machine learning models' backdoor vulnerabilities.

在对抗机器学习中，防止对深度学习系统的攻击的新防御能力在释放更强大的攻击后不久就会破坏。在这种情况下，法医工具可以通过追溯成功的根本原因来为现有防御措施提供宝贵的补充，并为缓解措施提供前进的途径，以防止将来采取类似的攻击。在本文中，我们描述了我们为开发用于深度神经网络毒物攻击的法医追溯工具的努力。我们提出了一种新型的迭代聚类和修剪解决方案，该解决方案修剪了“无辜”训练样本，直到所有剩余的是一组造成攻击的中毒数据。我们的方法群群训练样本基于它们对模型参数的影响，然后使用有效的数据解读方法来修剪无辜簇。我们从经验上证明了系统对三种类型的肮脏标签（后门）毒物攻击和三种类型的清洁标签毒药攻击的功效，这些毒物跨越了计算机视觉和恶意软件分类。我们的系统在所有攻击中都达到了98.4％的精度和96.8％的召回。我们还表明，我们的系统与专门攻击它的四种抗纤维法措施相对强大。

最近的研究表明，尽管在许多现实世界应用上达到了很高的精度，但深度神经网络（DNN）可以被换式：通过将触发的数据样本注入培训数据集中，对手可以将受过训练的模型误导到将任何测试数据分类为将任何测试数据分类为只要提出触发模式，目标类。为了消除此类后门威胁，已经提出了各种方法。特别是，一系列研究旨在净化潜在的损害模型。但是，这项工作的一个主要限制是访问足够的原始培训数据的要求：当可用的培训数据受到限制时，净化性能要差得多。在这项工作中，我们提出了对抗重量掩蔽（AWM），这是一种即使在单一设置中也能擦除神经后门的新颖方法。我们方法背后的关键思想是将其提出为最小最大优化问题：首先，对抗恢复触发模式，然后（软）掩盖对恢复模式敏感的网络权重。对几个基准数据集的全面评估表明，AWM在很大程度上可以改善对各种可用培训数据集大小的其他最先进方法的纯化效果。

Backdoor attacks have emerged as one of the major security threats to deep learning models as they can easily control the model's test-time predictions by pre-injecting a backdoor trigger into the model at training time. While backdoor attacks have been extensively studied on images, few works have investigated the threat of backdoor attacks on time series data. To fill this gap, in this paper we present a novel generative approach for time series backdoor attacks against deep learning based time series classifiers. Backdoor attacks have two main goals: high stealthiness and high attack success rate. We find that, compared to images, it can be more challenging to achieve the two goals on time series. This is because time series have fewer input dimensions and lower degrees of freedom, making it hard to achieve a high attack success rate without compromising stealthiness. Our generative approach addresses this challenge by generating trigger patterns that are as realistic as real-time series patterns while achieving a high attack success rate without causing a significant drop in clean accuracy. We also show that our proposed attack is resistant to potential backdoor defenses. Furthermore, we propose a novel universal generator that can poison any type of time series with a single generator that allows universal attacks without the need to fine-tune the generative model for new time series datasets.

后门攻击已被证明是对深度学习模型的严重安全威胁，并且检测给定模型是否已成为后门成为至关重要的任务。现有的防御措施主要建立在观察到后门触发器通常尺寸很小或仅影响几个神经元激活的观察结果。但是，在许多情况下，尤其是对于高级后门攻击，违反了上述观察结果，阻碍了现有防御的性能和适用性。在本文中，我们提出了基于新观察的后门防御范围。也就是说，有效的后门攻击通常需要对中毒训练样本的高预测置信度，以确保训练有素的模型具有很高的可能性。基于此观察结果，Dtinspector首先学习一个可以改变最高信心数据的预测的补丁，然后通过检查在低信心数据上应用学习补丁后检查预测变化的比率来决定后门的存在。对五次后门攻击，四个数据集和三种高级攻击类型的广泛评估证明了拟议防御的有效性。

后门学习是研究深神经网络（DNNS）脆弱性的一个新兴而重要的话题。在快速武器竞赛的地位上，正在连续或同时提出许多开创性的后门攻击和防御方法。但是，我们发现对新方法的评估通常是不可思议的，以验证其主张和实际绩效，这主要是由于快速发展，不同的环境以及实施和可重复性的困难。没有彻底的评估和比较，很难跟踪当前的进度并设计文献的未来发展路线图。为了减轻这一困境，我们建立了一个名为Backdoorbench的后门学习的全面基准。它由一个可扩展的基于模块化的代码库（当前包括8个最先进（SOTA）攻击和9种SOTA防御算法的实现），以及完整的后门学习的标准化协议。我们还基于5个模型和4个数据集，对9个防御措施的每对8次攻击进行全面评估，总共8,000对评估。我们从不同的角度进一步介绍了对这8,000次评估的不同角度，研究了对国防算法，中毒比率，模型和数据集对后门学习的影响。 \ url {https://backdoorbench.github.io}公开获得了Backdoorbench的所有代码和评估。

典型的深神经网络（DNN）后门攻击基于输入中嵌入的触发因素。现有的不可察觉的触发因素在计算上昂贵或攻击成功率低。在本文中，我们提出了一个新的后门触发器，该扳机易于生成，不可察觉和高效。新的触发器是一个均匀生成的三维（3D）二进制图案，可以水平和/或垂直重复和镜像，并将其超级贴在三通道图像上，以训练后式DNN模型。新型触发器分散在整个图像中，对单个像素产生微弱的扰动，但共同拥有强大的识别模式来训练和激活DNN的后门。我们还通过分析表明，随着图像的分辨率提高，触发因素越来越有效。实验是使用MNIST，CIFAR-10和BTSR数据集上的RESNET-18和MLP模型进行的。在无遗象的方面，新触发的表现优于现有的触发器，例如Badnet，Trojaned NN和隐藏的后门。新的触发因素达到了几乎100％的攻击成功率，仅将分类准确性降低了不到0.7％-2.4％，并使最新的防御技术无效。

This paper asks the intriguing question: is it possible to exploit neural architecture search (NAS) as a new attack vector to launch previously improbable attacks? Specifically, we present EVAS, a new attack that leverages NAS to find neural architectures with inherent backdoors and exploits such vulnerability using input-aware triggers. Compared with existing attacks, EVAS demonstrates many interesting properties: (i) it does not require polluting training data or perturbing model parameters; (ii) it is agnostic to downstream fine-tuning or even re-training from scratch; (iii) it naturally evades defenses that rely on inspecting model parameters or training data. With extensive evaluation on benchmark datasets, we show that EVAS features high evasiveness, transferability, and robustness, thereby expanding the adversary's design spectrum. We further characterize the mechanisms underlying EVAS, which are possibly explainable by architecture-level ``shortcuts'' that recognize trigger patterns. This work raises concerns about the current practice of NAS and points to potential directions to develop effective countermeasures.

We conduct a systematic study of backdoor vulnerabilities in normally trained Deep Learning models. They are as dangerous as backdoors injected by data poisoning because both can be equally exploited. We leverage 20 different types of injected backdoor attacks in the literature as the guidance and study their correspondences in normally trained models, which we call natural backdoor vulnerabilities. We find that natural backdoors are widely existing, with most injected backdoor attacks having natural correspondences. We categorize these natural backdoors and propose a general detection framework. It finds 315 natural backdoors in the 56 normally trained models downloaded from the Internet, covering all the different categories, while existing scanners designed for injected backdoors can at most detect 65 backdoors. We also study the root causes and defense of natural backdoors.

As a critical threat to deep neural networks (DNNs), backdoor attacks can be categorized into two types, i.e., source-agnostic backdoor attacks (SABAs) and source-specific backdoor attacks (SSBAs). Compared to traditional SABAs, SSBAs are more advanced in that they have superior stealthier in bypassing mainstream countermeasures that are effective against SABAs. Nonetheless, existing SSBAs suffer from two major limitations. First, they can hardly achieve a good trade-off between ASR (attack success rate) and FPR (false positive rate). Besides, they can be effectively detected by the state-of-the-art (SOTA) countermeasures (e.g., SCAn). To address the limitations above, we propose a new class of viable source-specific backdoor attacks, coined as CASSOCK. Our key insight is that trigger designs when creating poisoned data and cover data in SSBAs play a crucial role in demonstrating a viable source-specific attack, which has not been considered by existing SSBAs. With this insight, we focus on trigger transparency and content when crafting triggers for poisoned dataset where a sample has an attacker-targeted label and cover dataset where a sample has a ground-truth label. Specifically, we implement $CASSOCK_{Trans}$ and $CASSOCK_{Cont}$. While both they are orthogonal, they are complementary to each other, generating a more powerful attack, called $CASSOCK_{Comp}$, with further improved attack performance and stealthiness. We perform a comprehensive evaluation of the three $CASSOCK$-based attacks on four popular datasets and three SOTA defenses. Compared with a representative SSBA as a baseline ($SSBA_{Base}$), $CASSOCK$-based attacks have significantly advanced the attack performance, i.e., higher ASR and lower FPR with comparable CDA (clean data accuracy). Besides, $CASSOCK$-based attacks have effectively bypassed the SOTA defenses, and $SSBA_{Base}$ cannot.

普遍的后门是由动态和普遍的输入扰动触发的。它们可以被攻击者故意注射，也可以自然存在于经过正常训练的模型中。它们的性质与传统的静态和局部后门不同，可以通过扰动带有一些固定图案的小输入区域来触发，例如带有纯色的贴片。现有的防御技术对于传统后门非常有效。但是，它们可能对普遍的后门无法正常工作，尤其是在后门去除和模型硬化方面。在本文中，我们提出了一种针对普遍的后门，包括天然和注射后门的新型模型硬化技术。我们基于通过特殊转换层增强的编码器架构来开发一般的普遍攻击。该攻击可以对现有的普遍后门攻击进行建模，并通过类距离进行量化。因此，使用我们在对抗训练中攻击的样品可以使模型与这些后门漏洞相比。我们对9个具有15个模型结构的9个数据集的评估表明，我们的技术可以平均扩大阶级距离59.65％，精度降解且没有稳健性损失，超过了五种硬化技术，例如对抗性训练，普遍的对抗训练，Moth，Moth等， 。它可以将六次普遍后门攻击的攻击成功率从99.06％降低到1.94％，超过七种最先进的后门拆除技术。

深度神经网络（DNNS）在训练过程中容易受到后门攻击的影响。该模型以这种方式损坏正常起作用，但是当输入中的某些模式触发时，会产生预定义的目标标签。现有防御通常依赖于通用后门设置的假设，其中有毒样品共享相同的均匀扳机。但是，最近的高级后门攻击表明，这种假设在动态后门中不再有效，在动态后门中，触发者因输入而异，从而击败了现有的防御。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种新颖的技术BEATRIX（通过革兰氏矩阵检测）。 BEATRIX利用革兰氏矩阵不仅捕获特征相关性，还可以捕获表示形式的适当高阶信息。通过从正常样本的激活模式中学习类条件统计，BEATRIX可以通过捕获激活模式中的异常来识别中毒样品。为了进一步提高识别目标标签的性能，BEATRIX利用基于内核的测试，而无需对表示分布进行任何先前的假设。我们通过与最先进的防御技术进行了广泛的评估和比较来证明我们的方法的有效性。实验结果表明，我们的方法在检测动态后门时达到了91.1％的F1得分，而最新技术只能达到36.9％。

已知深层神经网络（DNN）容易受到后门攻击和对抗攻击的影响。在文献中，这两种攻击通常被视为明显的问题并分别解决，因为它们分别属于训练时间和推理时间攻击。但是，在本文中，我们发现它们之间有一个有趣的联系：对于具有后门种植的模型，我们观察到其对抗性示例具有与触发样品相似的行为，即都激活了同一DNN神经元的子集。这表明将后门种植到模型中会严重影响模型的对抗性例子。基于这一观察结果，我们设计了一种新的对抗性微调（AFT）算法，以防止后门攻击。我们从经验上表明，在5次最先进的后门攻击中，我们的船尾可以有效地擦除后门触发器，而无需在干净的样品上明显的性能降解，并显着优于现有的防御方法。

后门是针对深神经网络（DNN）的强大攻击。通过中毒训练数据，攻击者可以将隐藏的规则（后门）注入DNN，该规则仅在包含攻击特异性触发器的输入上激活。尽管现有工作已经研究了各种DNN模型的后门攻击，但它们仅考虑静态模型，这些模型在初始部署后保持不变。在本文中，我们研究了后门攻击对时变DNN模型更现实的情况的影响，其中定期更新模型权重以处理数据分布的漂移。具体而言，我们从经验上量化了后门针对模型更新的“生存能力”，并检查攻击参数，数据漂移行为和模型更新策略如何影响后门生存能力。我们的结果表明，即使攻击者会积极增加触发器的大小和毒药比，即使在几个模型更新中，一次射击后门攻击（即一次仅中毒训练数据）也无法幸免。为了保持模型更新影响，攻击者必须不断将损坏的数据引入培训管道。这些结果共同表明，当模型更新以学习新数据时，它们也将后门“忘记”为隐藏的恶意功能。旧培训数据之间的分配变化越大，后门被遗忘了。利用这些见解，我们应用了智能学习率调度程序，以进一步加速模型更新期间的后门遗忘，这阻止了单发后门在单个模型更新中幸存下来。

Transforming off-the-shelf deep neural network (DNN) models into dynamic multi-exit architectures can achieve inference and transmission efficiency by fragmenting and distributing a large DNN model in edge computing scenarios (e.g., edge devices and cloud servers). In this paper, we propose a novel backdoor attack specifically on the dynamic multi-exit DNN models. Particularly, we inject a backdoor by poisoning one DNN model's shallow hidden layers targeting not this vanilla DNN model but only its dynamically deployed multi-exit architectures. Our backdoored vanilla model behaves normally on performance and cannot be activated even with the correct trigger. However, the backdoor will be activated when the victims acquire this model and transform it into a dynamic multi-exit architecture at their deployment. We conduct extensive experiments to prove the effectiveness of our attack on three structures (ResNet-56, VGG-16, and MobileNet) with four datasets (CIFAR-10, SVHN, GTSRB, and Tiny-ImageNet) and our backdoor is stealthy to evade multiple state-of-the-art backdoor detection or removal methods.

计算能力和大型培训数据集的可用性增加，机器学习的成功助长了。假设它充分代表了在测试时遇到的数据，则使用培训数据来学习新模型或更新现有模型。这种假设受到中毒威胁的挑战，这种攻击会操纵训练数据，以损害模型在测试时的表现。尽管中毒已被认为是行业应用中的相关威胁，到目前为止，已经提出了各种不同的攻击和防御措施，但对该领域的完整系统化和批判性审查仍然缺失。在这项调查中，我们在机器学习中提供了中毒攻击和防御措施的全面系统化，审查了过去15年中该领域发表的100多篇论文。我们首先对当前的威胁模型和攻击进行分类，然后相应地组织现有防御。虽然我们主要关注计算机视觉应用程序，但我们认为我们的系统化还包括其他数据模式的最新攻击和防御。最后，我们讨论了中毒研究的现有资源，并阐明了当前的局限性和该研究领域的开放研究问题。