知识蒸馏是通过知识转移模型压缩的有效稳定的方法。传统知识蒸馏(KD)是将来自大型和训练有素的教师网络的知识转移到小型学生网络,这是一种单向过程。最近,已经提出了深度相互学习(DML)来帮助学生网络协同和同时学习。然而,据我们所知,KD和DML从未在统一的框架中共同探索,以解决知识蒸馏问题。在本文中,我们调查教师模型在KD中支持更值得信赖的监督信号,而学生则在DML中捕获教师的类似行为。基于这些观察,我们首先建议将KD与DML联合在统一的框架中。此外,我们提出了一个半球知识蒸馏(SOKD)方法,有效提高了学生和教师的表现。在这种方法中,我们在DML中介绍了同伴教学培训时尚,以缓解学生的模仿困难,并利用KD训练有素的教师提供的监督信号。此外,我们还显示我们的框架可以轻松扩展到基于功能的蒸馏方法。在CiFAR-100和Imagenet数据集上的广泛实验证明了所提出的方法实现了最先进的性能。
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知识蒸馏已成为获得紧凑又有效模型的重要方法。为实现这一目标,培训小型学生模型以利用大型训练有素的教师模型的知识。然而,由于教师和学生之间的能力差距,学生的表现很难达到老师的水平。关于这个问题,现有方法建议通过代理方式减少教师知识的难度。我们认为这些基于代理的方法忽视了教师的知识损失,这可能导致学生遇到容量瓶颈。在本文中,我们从新的角度来缓解能力差距问题,以避免知识损失的目的。我们建议通过对抗性协作学习建立一个更有力的学生,而不是牺牲教师的知识。为此,我们进一步提出了一种逆势协作知识蒸馏(ACKD)方法,有效提高了知识蒸馏的性能。具体来说,我们用多个辅助学习者构建学生模型。同时,我们设计了对抗的对抗性协作模块(ACM),引入注意机制和对抗的学习,以提高学生的能力。四个分类任务的广泛实验显示了拟议的Ackd的优越性。
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在线知识蒸馏会在所有学生模型之间进行知识转移,以减轻对预培训模型的依赖。但是,现有的在线方法在很大程度上依赖于预测分布并忽略了代表性知识的进一步探索。在本文中,我们提出了一种用于在线知识蒸馏的新颖的多尺度功能提取和融合方法(MFEF),其中包括三个关键组成部分:多尺度功能提取,双重注意和功能融合,以生成更有信息的特征图,以用于蒸馏。提出了在通道维度中的多尺度提取利用分界线和catenate,以提高特征图的多尺度表示能力。为了获得更准确的信息,我们设计了双重注意,以适应重要的渠道和空间区域。此外,我们通过功能融合来汇总并融合了以前的处理功能地图,以帮助培训学生模型。关于CIF AR-10,CIF AR-100和Cinic-10的广泛实验表明,MFEF转移了更有益的代表性知识,以蒸馏和胜过各种网络体系结构之间的替代方法
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Knowledge distillation (KD) has gained a lot of attention in the field of model compression for edge devices thanks to its effectiveness in compressing large powerful networks into smaller lower-capacity models. Online distillation, in which both the teacher and the student are learning collaboratively, has also gained much interest due to its ability to improve on the performance of the networks involved. The Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence ensures the proper knowledge transfer between the teacher and student. However, most online KD techniques present some bottlenecks under the network capacity gap. By cooperatively and simultaneously training, the models the KL distance becomes incapable of properly minimizing the teacher's and student's distributions. Alongside accuracy, critical edge device applications are in need of well-calibrated compact networks. Confidence calibration provides a sensible way of getting trustworthy predictions. We propose BD-KD: Balancing of Divergences for online Knowledge Distillation. We show that adaptively balancing between the reverse and forward divergences shifts the focus of the training strategy to the compact student network without limiting the teacher network's learning process. We demonstrate that, by performing this balancing design at the level of the student distillation loss, we improve upon both performance accuracy and calibration of the compact student network. We conducted extensive experiments using a variety of network architectures and show improvements on multiple datasets including CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, Tiny-ImageNet, and ImageNet. We illustrate the effectiveness of our approach through comprehensive comparisons and ablations with current state-of-the-art online and offline KD techniques.
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Often we wish to transfer representational knowledge from one neural network to another. Examples include distilling a large network into a smaller one, transferring knowledge from one sensory modality to a second, or ensembling a collection of models into a single estimator. Knowledge distillation, the standard approach to these problems, minimizes the KL divergence between the probabilistic outputs of a teacher and student network. We demonstrate that this objective ignores important structural knowledge of the teacher network. This motivates an alternative objective by which we train a student to capture significantly more information in the teacher's representation of the data. We formulate this objective as contrastive learning. Experiments demonstrate that our resulting new objective outperforms knowledge distillation and other cutting-edge distillers on a variety of knowledge transfer tasks, including single model compression, ensemble distillation, and cross-modal transfer. Our method sets a new state-of-the-art in many transfer tasks, and sometimes even outperforms the teacher network when combined with knowledge distillation.
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Despite the fact that deep neural networks are powerful models and achieve appealing results on many tasks, they are too large to be deployed on edge devices like smartphones or embedded sensor nodes. There have been efforts to compress these networks, and a popular method is knowledge distillation, where a large (teacher) pre-trained network is used to train a smaller (student) network. However, in this paper, we show that the student network performance degrades when the gap between student and teacher is large. Given a fixed student network, one cannot employ an arbitrarily large teacher, or in other words, a teacher can effectively transfer its knowledge to students up to a certain size, not smaller. To alleviate this shortcoming, we introduce multi-step knowledge distillation, which employs an intermediate-sized network (teacher assistant) to bridge the gap between the student and the teacher. Moreover, we study the effect of teacher assistant size and extend the framework to multi-step distillation. Theoretical analysis and extensive experiments on CIFAR-10,100 and ImageNet datasets and on CNN and ResNet architectures substantiate the effectiveness of our proposed approach.
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在线知识蒸馏(OKD)通过相互利用教师和学生之间的差异来改善所涉及的模型。它们之间的差距上有几个关键的瓶颈 - 例如,为什么以及何时以及何时损害表现,尤其是对学生的表现?如何量化教师和学生之间的差距? - 接受了有限的正式研究。在本文中,我们提出了可切换的在线知识蒸馏(Switokd),以回答这些问题。 Switokd的核心思想不是专注于测试阶段的准确性差距,而是通过两种模式之间的切换策略来适应训练阶段的差距,即蒸馏差距 - 专家模式(暂停老师,同时暂停教师保持学生学习)和学习模式(重新启动老师)。为了拥有适当的蒸馏差距,我们进一步设计了一个自适应开关阈值,该阈值提供了有关何时切换到学习模式或专家模式的正式标准,从而改善了学生的表现。同时,老师从我们的自适应切换阈值中受益,并基本上与其他在线艺术保持同步。我们进一步将Switokd扩展到具有两个基础拓扑的多个网络。最后,广泛的实验和分析验证了Switokd在最新面前的分类的优点。我们的代码可在https://github.com/hfutqian/switokd上找到。
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无教师的在线知识蒸馏(KD)旨在培训多个学生模型的合奏,并彼此提炼知识。尽管现有的在线KD方法实现了理想的性能,但它们通常专注于阶级概率作为核心知识类型,而忽略了宝贵的特征代表性信息。我们为在线KD提供了一个相互的对比学习(MCL)框架。 MCL的核心思想是以在线方式进行对比分布的相互交互和对比度分布的转移。我们的MCL可以汇总跨网络嵌入信息,并最大化两个网络之间的相互信息的下限。这使每个网络能够从他人那里学习额外的对比知识,从而提供更好的特征表示形式,从而提高视觉识别任务的性能。除最后一层外,我们还将MCL扩展到辅助特征细化模块辅助的几个中间层。这进一步增强了在线KD的表示能力。关于图像分类和转移学习到视觉识别任务的实验表明,MCL可以针对最新的在线KD方法带来一致的性能提高。优势表明,MCL可以指导网络生成更好的特征表示。我们的代码可在https://github.com/winycg/mcl上公开获取。
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最先进的蒸馏方法主要基于中间层的深层特征,而logit蒸馏的重要性被极大地忽略了。为了提供研究逻辑蒸馏的新观点,我们将经典的KD损失重新分为两个部分,即目标类知识蒸馏(TCKD)和非目标类知识蒸馏(NCKD)。我们凭经验研究并证明了这两个部分的影响:TCKD转移有关训练样本“难度”的知识,而NCKD是Logit蒸馏起作用的重要原因。更重要的是,我们揭示了经典的KD损失是一种耦合的配方,该配方抑制了NCKD的有效性,并且(2)限制了平衡这两个部分的灵活性。为了解决这些问题,我们提出了脱钩的知识蒸馏(DKD),使TCKD和NCKD能够更有效,更灵活地发挥其角色。与基于功能的复杂方法相比,我们的DKD可相当甚至更好的结果,并且在CIFAR-100,ImageNet和MS-Coco数据集上具有更好的培训效率,用于图像分类和对象检测任务。本文证明了Logit蒸馏的巨大潜力,我们希望它对未来的研究有所帮助。该代码可从https://github.com/megvii-research/mdistiller获得。
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最初引入了知识蒸馏,以利用来自单一教师模型的额外监督为学生模型培训。为了提高学生表现,最近的一些变体试图利用多个教师利用不同的知识来源。然而,现有研究主要通过对多种教师预测的平均或将它们与其他无标签策略相结合,将知识集成在多种来源中,可能在可能存在低质量的教师预测存在中误导学生。为了解决这个问题,我们提出了信心感知的多教师知识蒸馏(CA-MKD),该知识蒸馏(CA-MKD)在地面真理标签的帮助下,适用于每个教师预测的样本明智的可靠性,与那些接近单热的教师预测标签分配了大量的重量。此外,CA-MKD包含中间层,以进一步提高学生表现。广泛的实验表明,我们的CA-MKD始终如一地优于各种教师学生架构的所有最先进的方法。
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机器学习中的知识蒸馏是将知识从名为教师的大型模型转移到一个名为“学生”的较小模型的过程。知识蒸馏是将大型网络(教师)压缩到较小网络(学生)的技术之一,该网络可以部署在手机等小型设备中。当教师和学生之间的网络规模差距增加时,学生网络的表现就会下降。为了解决这个问题,在教师模型和名为助教模型的学生模型之间采用了中间模型,这反过来弥补了教师与学生之间的差距。在这项研究中,我们已经表明,使用多个助教模型,可以进一步改进学生模型(较小的模型)。我们使用加权集合学习将这些多个助教模型组合在一起,我们使用了差异评估优化算法来生成权重值。
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知识蒸馏(KD)是一个有效的框架,旨在将有意义的信息从大型老师转移到较小的学生。通常,KD通常涉及如何定义和转移知识。以前的KD方法通常着重于挖掘各种形式的知识,例如功能地图和精致信息。但是,知识源自主要监督任务,因此是高度特定于任务的。在自我监督的代表学习的最新成功中,我们提出了一项辅助自我实施的增强任务,以指导网络学习更多有意义的功能。因此,我们可以从KD的这项任务中得出软性自我实施的增强分布作为更丰富的黑暗知识。与以前的知识不同,此分布编码从监督和自我监督的特征学习中编码联合知识。除了知识探索之外,我们建议在各个隐藏层上附加几个辅助分支,以充分利用分层特征图。每个辅助分支都被指导学习自学的增强任务,并将这种分布从教师到学生提炼。总体而言,我们称我们的KD方法为等级自我实施的增强知识蒸馏(HSSAKD)。标准图像分类的实验表明,离线和在线HSSAKD都在KD领域达到了最先进的表现。对象检测的进一步转移实验进一步验证了HSSAKD可以指导网络学习更好的功能。该代码可在https://github.com/winycg/hsakd上找到。
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Most existing distillation methods ignore the flexible role of the temperature in the loss function and fix it as a hyper-parameter that can be decided by an inefficient grid search. In general, the temperature controls the discrepancy between two distributions and can faithfully determine the difficulty level of the distillation task. Keeping a constant temperature, i.e., a fixed level of task difficulty, is usually sub-optimal for a growing student during its progressive learning stages. In this paper, we propose a simple curriculum-based technique, termed Curriculum Temperature for Knowledge Distillation (CTKD), which controls the task difficulty level during the student's learning career through a dynamic and learnable temperature. Specifically, following an easy-to-hard curriculum, we gradually increase the distillation loss w.r.t. the temperature, leading to increased distillation difficulty in an adversarial manner. As an easy-to-use plug-in technique, CTKD can be seamlessly integrated into existing knowledge distillation frameworks and brings general improvements at a negligible additional computation cost. Extensive experiments on CIFAR-100, ImageNet-2012, and MS-COCO demonstrate the effectiveness of our method. Our code is available at https://github.com/zhengli97/CTKD.
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Figure 1. An illustration of standard knowledge distillation. Despite widespread use, an understanding of when the student can learn from the teacher is missing.
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深度学习的巨大成功主要是由于大规模的网络架构和高质量的培训数据。但是,在具有有限的内存和成像能力的便携式设备上部署最近的深层模型仍然挑战。一些现有的作品通过知识蒸馏进行了压缩模型。不幸的是,这些方法不能处理具有缩小图像质量的图像,例如低分辨率(LR)图像。为此,我们采取了开创性的努力,从高分辨率(HR)图像到达将处理LR图像的紧凑型网络模型中学习的繁重网络模型中蒸馏有用的知识,从而推动了新颖的像素蒸馏的当前知识蒸馏技术。为实现这一目标,我们提出了一名教师助理 - 学生(TAS)框架,将知识蒸馏分解为模型压缩阶段和高分辨率表示转移阶段。通过装备新颖的特点超分辨率(FSR)模块,我们的方法可以学习轻量级网络模型,可以实现与重型教师模型相似的准确性,但参数更少,推理速度和较低分辨率的输入。在三个广泛使用的基准,\即,幼崽200-2011,Pascal VOC 2007和ImageNetsub上的综合实验证明了我们方法的有效性。
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混合样品正则化(MSR),例如混合或cutmix,是一种强大的数据增强策略,可以推广卷积神经网络。先前的经验分析说明了MSR与传统的离线知识蒸馏(KD)之间的正交性能增长。更具体地说,可以通过MSR参与顺序蒸馏的训练阶段来增强学生网络。然而,MSR和在线知识蒸馏之间的相互作用,这是一个更强的蒸馏范式,在那里,一群同伴互相学习的合奏仍然没有探索。为了弥合差距,我们首次尝试将cutmix纳入在线蒸馏中,我们从经验上观察到了重大改进。在这个事实的鼓舞下,我们提出了一个更强大的MSR,专门用于在线蒸馏,称为Cut^nMix。此外,一个新颖的在线蒸馏框架是在切割^nmix上设计的,以通过功能水平相互学习和自我启动的老师来增强蒸馏。对CIFAR10和CIFAR100进行六个网络体系结构的全面评估表明,我们的方法可以始终超过最先进的蒸馏方法。
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Knowledge distillation is a widely applicable techniquefor training a student neural network under the guidance of a trained teacher network. For example, in neural network compression, a high-capacity teacher is distilled to train a compact student; in privileged learning, a teacher trained with privileged data is distilled to train a student without access to that data. The distillation loss determines how a teacher's knowledge is captured and transferred to the student. In this paper, we propose a new form of knowledge distillation loss that is inspired by the observation that semantically similar inputs tend to elicit similar activation patterns in a trained network. Similarity-preserving knowledge distillation guides the training of a student network such that input pairs that produce similar (dissimilar) activations in the teacher network produce similar (dissimilar) activations in the student network. In contrast to previous distillation methods, the student is not required to mimic the representation space of the teacher, but rather to preserve the pairwise similarities in its own representation space. Experiments on three public datasets demonstrate the potential of our approach.
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One of the most efficient methods for model compression is hint distillation, where the student model is injected with information (hints) from several different layers of the teacher model. Although the selection of hint points can drastically alter the compression performance, conventional distillation approaches overlook this fact and use the same hint points as in the early studies. Therefore, we propose a clustering based hint selection methodology, where the layers of teacher model are clustered with respect to several metrics and the cluster centers are used as the hint points. Our method is applicable for any student network, once it is applied on a chosen teacher network. The proposed approach is validated in CIFAR-100 and ImageNet datasets, using various teacher-student pairs and numerous hint distillation methods. Our results show that hint points selected by our algorithm results in superior compression performance compared to state-of-the-art knowledge distillation algorithms on the same student models and datasets.
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在多种方式知识蒸馏研究的背景下,现有方法主要集中在唯一的学习教师最终产出问题。因此,教师网络与学生网络之间存在深处。有必要强制学生网络来学习教师网络的模态关系信息。为了有效利用从教师转移到学生的知识,采用了一种新的模型关系蒸馏范式,通过建模不同的模态之间的关系信息,即学习教师模级克矩阵。
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知识蒸馏(KD)在将学习表征从大型模型(教师)转移到小型模型(学生)方面表现出非常有希望的能力。但是,随着学生和教师之间的容量差距变得更大,现有的KD方法无法获得更好的结果。我们的工作表明,“先验知识”对KD至关重要,尤其是在应用大型老师时。特别是,我们提出了动态的先验知识(DPK),该知识将教师特征的一部分作为特征蒸馏之前的先验知识。这意味着我们的方法还将教师的功能视为“输入”,而不仅仅是``目标''。此外,我们根据特征差距动态调整训练阶段的先验知识比率,从而引导学生在适当的困难中。为了评估所提出的方法,我们对两个图像分类基准(即CIFAR100和Imagenet)和一个对象检测基准(即MS Coco)进行了广泛的实验。结果表明,在不同的设置下,我们方法在性能方面具有优势。更重要的是,我们的DPK使学生模型的表现与教师模型的表现呈正相关,这意味着我们可以通过应用更大的教师进一步提高学生的准确性。我们的代码将公开用于可重复性。
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