自我监督学习（SSL）是一种新兴技术，已成功地用于培训卷积神经网络（CNNS）和图形神经网络（GNNS），以进行更可转移，可转换，可推广和稳健的代表性学习。然而，很少探索其对自动驾驶的运动预测。在这项研究中，我们报告了将自学纳入运动预测的首次系统探索和评估。我们首先建议研究四项新型的自我监督学习任务，以通过理论原理以及对挑战性的大规模argoverse数据集进行运动预测以及定量和定性比较。其次，我们指出，基于辅助SSL的学习设置不仅胜过预测方法，这些方法在性能准确性方面使用变压器，复杂的融合机制和复杂的在线密集目标候选优化算法，而且具有较低的推理时间和建筑复杂性。最后，我们进行了几项实验，以了解为什么SSL改善运动预测。代码在\ url {https://github.com/autovision-cloud/ssl-lanes}上开源。

预测公路参与者的未来运动对于自动驾驶至关重要，但由于令人震惊的运动不确定性，因此极具挑战性。最近，大多数运动预测方法求助于基于目标的策略，即预测运动轨迹的终点，作为回归整个轨迹的条件，以便可以减少解决方案的搜索空间。但是，准确的目标坐标很难预测和评估。此外，目的地的点表示限制了丰富的道路环境的利用，从而导致预测不准确。目标区域，即可能的目的地区域，而不是目标坐标，可以通过涉及更多的容忍度和指导来提供更软的限制，以搜索潜在的轨迹。考虑到这一点，我们提出了一个新的基于目标区域的框架，名为“目标区域网络”（GANET）进行运动预测，该框架对目标区域进行了建模，而不是确切的目标坐标作为轨迹预测的先决条件，更加可靠，更准确地执行。具体而言，我们建议一个goicrop（目标的目标区域）操作员有效地提取目标区域中的语义巷特征，并在目标区域和模型演员的未来互动中提取语义巷，这对未来的轨迹估计很大。 Ganet在所有公共文献（直到论文提交）中排名第一个，将其源代码排在第一位。

We propose a motion forecasting model that exploits a novel structured map representation as well as actor-map interactions. Instead of encoding vectorized maps as raster images, we construct a lane graph from raw map data to explicitly preserve the map structure. To capture the complex topology and long range dependencies of the lane graph, we propose LaneGCN which extends graph convolutions with multiple adjacency matrices and along-lane dilation. To capture the complex interactions between actors and maps, we exploit a fusion network consisting of four types of interactions, actor-to-lane, lane-to-lane, laneto-actor and actor-to-actor. Powered by LaneGCN and actor-map interactions, our model is able to predict accurate and realistic multi-modal trajectories. Our approach significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art on the large scale Argoverse motion forecasting benchmark.

预测场景中代理的未来位置是自动驾驶中的一个重要问题。近年来，在代表现场及其代理商方面取得了重大进展。代理与场景和彼此之间的相互作用通常由图神经网络建模。但是，图形结构主要是静态的，无法表示高度动态场景中的时间变化。在这项工作中，我们提出了一个时间图表示，以更好地捕获流量场景中的动态。我们用两种类型的内存模块补充表示形式。一个专注于感兴趣的代理，另一个专注于整个场景。这使我们能够学习暂时意识的表示，即使对多个未来进行简单回归，也可以取得良好的结果。当与目标条件预测结合使用时，我们会显示出更好的结果，可以在Argoverse基准中达到最先进的性能。

自主驾驶的运动预测领域的先前艺术倾向于寻找接近地面真理轨迹的轨迹。但是，这种问题的表述和方法经常导致多样性和偏见轨迹预测的丧失。因此，它们不适合现实世界的自主驾驶，在这种驾驶中，多样化和依赖道路的多模式轨迹预测对安全至关重要。为此，本研究提出了一种新颖的损失函数\ textit {lane损失}，可确保地图自适应多样性并适应几何约束。对带有新型轨迹候选建议模块的两阶段轨迹预测架构，\ textit {轨迹预测注意（TPA）}经过训练，通过车道损失训练，鼓励多个轨迹分布多样，以涵盖可行的方式以图像意识的方式涵盖可行的操作。此外，考虑到现有的轨迹性能指标正在重点是基于地面真理未来轨迹评估准确性，因此还建议定量评估指标来评估预测的多个轨迹的多样性。在Argoverse数据集上进行的实验表明，所提出的方法显着提高了预测轨迹的多样性，而无需牺牲预测准确性。

Behavior prediction in dynamic, multi-agent systems is an important problem in the context of self-driving cars, due to the complex representations and interactions of road components, including moving agents (e.g. pedestrians and vehicles) and road context information (e.g. lanes, traffic lights). This paper introduces VectorNet, a hierarchical graph neural network that first exploits the spatial locality of individual road components represented by vectors and then models the high-order interactions among all components. In contrast to most recent approaches, which render trajectories of moving agents and road context information as bird-eye images and encode them with convolutional neural networks (ConvNets), our approach operates on a vector representation. By operating on the vectorized high definition (HD) maps and agent trajectories, we avoid lossy rendering and computationally intensive ConvNet encoding steps. To further boost VectorNet's capability in learning context features, we propose a novel auxiliary task to recover the randomly masked out map entities and agent trajectories based on their context. We evaluate VectorNet on our in-house behavior prediction benchmark and the recently released Argoverse forecasting dataset. Our method achieves on par or better performance than the competitive rendering approach on both benchmarks while saving over 70% of the model parameters with an order of magnitude reduction in FLOPs. It also outperforms the state of the art on the Argoverse dataset.

预测附近代理商的合理的未来轨迹是自治车辆安全的核心挑战，主要取决于两个外部线索：动态邻居代理和静态场景上下文。最近的方法在分别表征两个线索方面取得了很大进展。然而，它们忽略了两个线索之间的相关性，并且大多数很难实现地图自适应预测。在本文中，我们使用Lane作为场景数据，并提出一个分阶段网络，即共同学习代理和车道信息，用于多模式轨迹预测（JAL-MTP）。 JAL-MTP使用社交到LANE（S2L）模块来共同代表静态道和相邻代理的动态运动作为实例级车道，一种用于利用实例级车道来预测的反复出的车道注意力（RLA）机制来预测Map-Adaptive Future Trajections和两个选择器，可识别典型和合理的轨迹。在公共协议数据集上进行的实验表明JAL-MTP在定量和定性中显着优于现有模型。

交通参与者的运动预测对于安全和强大的自动化驾驶系统至关重要，特别是在杂乱的城市环境中。然而，由于复杂的道路拓扑以及其他代理的不确定意图，这是强大的挑战。在本文中，我们介绍了一种基于图形的轨迹预测网络，其命名为双级预测器（DSP），其以分层方式编码静态和动态驾驶环境。与基于光栅状地图或稀疏车道图的方法不同，我们将驾驶环境视为具有两层的图形，专注于几何和拓扑功能。图形神经网络（GNNS）应用于提取具有不同粒度级别的特征，随后通过基于关注的层间网络聚合，实现更好的本地全局特征融合。在最近的目标驱动的轨迹预测管道之后，提取了目标代理的高可能性的目标候选者，并在这些目标上产生预测的轨迹。由于提出的双尺度上下文融合网络，我们的DSP能够产生准确和人类的多模态轨迹。我们评估了大规模协会运动预测基准测试的提出方法，实现了有希望的结果，优于最近的最先进的方法。

Motion prediction systems aim to capture the future behavior of traffic scenarios enabling autonomous vehicles to perform safe and efficient planning. The evolution of these scenarios is highly uncertain and depends on the interactions of agents with static and dynamic objects in the scene. GNN-based approaches have recently gained attention as they are well suited to naturally model these interactions. However, one of the main challenges that remains unexplored is how to address the complexity and opacity of these models in order to deal with the transparency requirements for autonomous driving systems, which includes aspects such as interpretability and explainability. In this work, we aim to improve the explainability of motion prediction systems by using different approaches. First, we propose a new Explainable Heterogeneous Graph-based Policy (XHGP) model based on an heterograph representation of the traffic scene and lane-graph traversals, which learns interaction behaviors using object-level and type-level attention. This learned attention provides information about the most important agents and interactions in the scene. Second, we explore this same idea with the explanations provided by GNNExplainer. Third, we apply counterfactual reasoning to provide explanations of selected individual scenarios by exploring the sensitivity of the trained model to changes made to the input data, i.e., masking some elements of the scene, modifying trajectories, and adding or removing dynamic agents. The explainability analysis provided in this paper is a first step towards more transparent and reliable motion prediction systems, important from the perspective of the user, developers and regulatory agencies. The code to reproduce this work is publicly available at https://github.com/sancarlim/Explainable-MP/tree/v1.1.

从社交机器人到自动驾驶汽车，多种代理的运动预测（MP）是任意复杂环境中的至关重要任务。当前方法使用端到端网络解决了此问题，其中输入数据通常是场景的最高视图和所有代理的过去轨迹；利用此信息是获得最佳性能的必不可少的。从这个意义上讲，可靠的自动驾驶（AD）系统必须按时产生合理的预测，但是，尽管其中许多方法使用了简单的Convnets和LSTM，但在使用两个信息源时，模型对于实时应用程序可能不够有效（地图和轨迹历史）。此外，这些模型的性能在很大程度上取决于训练数据的数量，这可能很昂贵（尤其是带注释的HD地图）。在这项工作中，我们探讨了如何使用有效的基于注意力的模型在Argoverse 1.0基准上实现竞争性能，该模型将其作为最小地图信息的过去轨迹和基于地图的功能的输入，以确保有效且可靠的MP。这些功能代表可解释的信息作为可驱动区域和合理的目标点，与基于黑框CNN的地图处理方法相反。

The task of motion forecasting is critical for self-driving vehicles (SDVs) to be able to plan a safe maneuver. Towards this goal, modern approaches reason about the map, the agents' past trajectories and their interactions in order to produce accurate forecasts. The predominant approach has been to encode the map and other agents in the reference frame of each target agent. However, this approach is computationally expensive for multi-agent prediction as inference needs to be run for each agent. To tackle the scaling challenge, the solution thus far has been to encode all agents and the map in a shared coordinate frame (e.g., the SDV frame). However, this is sample inefficient and vulnerable to domain shift (e.g., when the SDV visits uncommon states). In contrast, in this paper, we propose an efficient shared encoding for all agents and the map without sacrificing accuracy or generalization. Towards this goal, we leverage pair-wise relative positional encodings to represent geometric relationships between the agents and the map elements in a heterogeneous spatial graph. This parameterization allows us to be invariant to scene viewpoint, and save online computation by re-using map embeddings computed offline. Our decoder is also viewpoint agnostic, predicting agent goals on the lane graph to enable diverse and context-aware multimodal prediction. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on the urban Argoverse 2 benchmark as well as a novel highway dataset.

Modern autonomous driving system is characterized as modular tasks in sequential order, i.e., perception, prediction and planning. As sensors and hardware get improved, there is trending popularity to devise a system that can perform a wide diversity of tasks to fulfill higher-level intelligence. Contemporary approaches resort to either deploying standalone models for individual tasks, or designing a multi-task paradigm with separate heads. These might suffer from accumulative error or negative transfer effect. Instead, we argue that a favorable algorithm framework should be devised and optimized in pursuit of the ultimate goal, i.e. planning of the self-driving-car. Oriented at this goal, we revisit the key components within perception and prediction. We analyze each module and prioritize the tasks hierarchically, such that all these tasks contribute to planning (the goal). To this end, we introduce Unified Autonomous Driving (UniAD), the first comprehensive framework up-to-date that incorporates full-stack driving tasks in one network. It is exquisitely devised to leverage advantages of each module, and provide complementary feature abstractions for agent interaction from a global perspective. Tasks are communicated with unified query design to facilitate each other toward planning. We instantiate UniAD on the challenging nuScenes benchmark. With extensive ablations, the effectiveness of using such a philosophy is proven to surpass previous state-of-the-arts by a large margin in all aspects. The full suite of codebase and models would be available to facilitate future research in the community.

Predicting the future motion of road agents is a critical task in an autonomous driving pipeline. In this work, we address the problem of generating a set of scene-level, or joint, future trajectory predictions in multi-agent driving scenarios. To this end, we propose FJMP, a Factorized Joint Motion Prediction framework for multi-agent interactive driving scenarios. FJMP models the future scene interaction dynamics as a sparse directed interaction graph, where edges denote explicit interactions between agents. We then prune the graph into a directed acyclic graph (DAG) and decompose the joint prediction task into a sequence of marginal and conditional predictions according to the partial ordering of the DAG, where joint future trajectories are decoded using a directed acyclic graph neural network (DAGNN). We conduct experiments on the INTERACTION and Argoverse 2 datasets and demonstrate that FJMP produces more accurate and scene-consistent joint trajectory predictions than non-factorized approaches, especially on the most interactive and kinematically interesting agents. FJMP ranks 1st on the multi-agent test leaderboard of the INTERACTION dataset.

以前通过一个位置的历史轨迹可能有助于推断该位置当前代理的未来轨迹。尽管在高清图的指导下进行了轨迹预测的大大改善，但只有少数作品探讨了这种当地历史信息。在这项工作中，我们将这些信息重新引入了轨迹预测系统的新类型的输入数据：本地行为数据，我们将其概念化为特定于位置的历史轨迹的集合。局部行为数据有助于系统强调预测区域，并更好地了解静态地图对象对移动代理的影响。我们提出了一个新型的本地行为感知（LBA）预测框架，该框架通过从观察到的轨迹，高清图和局部行为数据中融合信息来提高预测准确性。同样，如果这种历史数据不足或不可用，我们采用了本地行为（LBF）预测框架，该框架采用了基于知识依据的架构来推断缺失数据的影响。广泛的实验表明，通过这两个框架升级现有方法可显着提高其性能。特别是，LBA框架将SOTA方法在Nuscenes数据集上的性能提高了至少14％的K = 1度量。

轨迹预测和行为决策是自动驾驶汽车的两项重要任务，他们需要对环境环境有良好的了解；通过参考轨迹预测的输出，可以更好地做出行为决策。但是，大多数当前解决方案分别执行这两个任务。因此，提出了结合多个线索的联合神经网络，并将其命名为整体变压器，以预测轨迹并同时做出行为决策。为了更好地探索线索之间的内在关系，网络使用现有知识并采用三种注意力机制：稀疏的多头类型用于减少噪声影响，特征选择稀疏类型，可最佳地使用部分先验知识，并与Sigmoid多头激活类型，用于最佳使用后验知识。与其他轨迹预测模型相比，所提出的模型具有更好的综合性能和良好的解释性。感知噪声稳健性实验表明，所提出的模型具有良好的噪声稳健性。因此，结合多个提示的同时轨迹预测和行为决策可以降低计算成本并增强场景与代理之间的语义关系。

预测交通参与者的多模式未来行为对于机器人车辆做出安全决策至关重要。现有作品探索以直接根据潜在特征预测未来的轨迹，或利用密集的目标候选者来识别代理商的目的地，在这种情况下，由于所有运动模式均来自相同的功能，而后者的策略具有效率问题，因此前者策略的收敛缓慢，因为其性能高度依赖关于候选目标的密度。在本文中，我们提出了运动变压器（MTR）框架，该框架将运动预测模拟为全球意图定位和局部运动改进的联合优化。 MTR不使用目标候选者，而是通过采用一系列可学习的运动查询对来结合空间意图。每个运动查询对负责特定运动模式的轨迹预测和完善，这可以稳定训练过程并促进更好的多模式预测。实验表明，MTR在边际和联合运动预测挑战上都达到了最新的性能，在Waymo Open Motion DataSet排行榜上排名第一。代码将在https://github.com/sshaoshuai/mtr上找到。

Figure 1: We introduce datasets for 3D tracking and motion forecasting with rich maps for autonomous driving. Our 3D tracking dataset contains sequences of LiDAR measurements, 360 • RGB video, front-facing stereo (middle-right), and 6-dof localization. All sequences are aligned with maps containing lane center lines (magenta), driveable region (orange), and ground height. Sequences are annotated with 3D cuboid tracks (green). A wider map view is shown in the bottom-right.

仿真是对机器人系统（例如自动驾驶汽车）进行扩展验证和验证的关键。尽管高保真物理和传感器模拟取得了进步，但在模拟道路使用者的现实行为方面仍然存在一个危险的差距。这是因为，与模拟物理和图形不同，设计人类行为的第一个原理模型通常是不可行的。在这项工作中，我们采用了一种数据驱动的方法，并提出了一种可以学会从现实世界驱动日志中产生流量行为的方法。该方法通过将交通仿真问题分解为高级意图推理和低级驾驶行为模仿，通过利用驾驶行为的双层层次结构来实现高样本效率和行为多样性。该方法还结合了一个计划模块，以获得稳定的长马行为。我们从经验上验证了我们的方法，即交通模拟（位）的双层模仿，并具有来自两个大规模驾驶数据集的场景，并表明位表明，在现实主义，多样性和长途稳定性方面可以达到平衡的交通模拟性能。我们还探索了评估行为现实主义的方法，并引入了一套评估指标以进行交通模拟。最后，作为我们的核心贡献的一部分，我们开发和开源一个软件工具，该工具将跨不同驱动数据集的数据格式统一，并将现有数据集将场景转换为交互式仿真环境。有关其他信息和视频，请参见https://sites.google.com/view/nvr-bits2022/home

Predicting the future motion of dynamic agents is of paramount importance to ensure safety or assess risks in motion planning for autonomous robots. In this paper, we propose a two-stage motion prediction method, referred to as R-Pred, that effectively utilizes both the scene and interaction context using a cascade of the initial trajectory proposal network and the trajectory refinement network. The initial trajectory proposal network produces M trajectory proposals corresponding to M modes of a future trajectory distribution. The trajectory refinement network enhances each of M proposals using 1) the tube-query scene attention (TQSA) and 2) the proposal-level interaction attention (PIA). TQSA uses tube-queries to aggregate the local scene context features pooled from proximity around the trajectory proposals of interest. PIA further enhances the trajectory proposals by modeling inter-agent interactions using a group of trajectory proposals selected based on their distances from neighboring agents. Our experiments conducted on the Argoverse and nuScenes datasets demonstrate that the proposed refinement network provides significant performance improvements compared to the single-stage baseline and that R-Pred achieves state-of-the-art performance in some categories of the benchmark.

Making safe and human-like decisions is an essential capability of autonomous driving systems and learning-based behavior planning is a promising pathway toward this objective. Distinguished from existing learning-based methods that directly output decisions, this work introduces a predictive behavior planning framework that learns to predict and evaluate from human driving data. Concretely, a behavior generation module first produces a diverse set of candidate behaviors in the form of trajectory proposals. Then the proposed conditional motion prediction network is employed to forecast other agents' future trajectories conditioned on each trajectory proposal. Given the candidate plans and associated prediction results, we learn a scoring module to evaluate the plans using maximum entropy inverse reinforcement learning (IRL). We conduct comprehensive experiments to validate the proposed framework on a large-scale real-world urban driving dataset. The results reveal that the conditional prediction model is able to forecast multiple possible future trajectories given a candidate behavior and the prediction results are reactive to different plans. Moreover, the IRL-based scoring module can properly evaluate the trajectory proposals and select close-to-human ones. The proposed framework outperforms other baseline methods in terms of similarity to human driving trajectories. Moreover, we find that the conditional prediction model can improve both prediction and planning performance compared to the non-conditional model, and learning the scoring module is critical to correctly evaluating the candidate plans to align with human drivers.