Abstractive dialogue summarization has long been viewed as an important standalone task in natural language processing, but no previous work has explored the possibility of whether abstractive dialogue summarization can also be used as a means to boost an NLP system's performance on other important dialogue comprehension tasks. In this paper, we propose a novel type of dialogue summarization task - STRUctured DiaLoguE Summarization - that can help pre-trained language models to better understand dialogues and improve their performance on important dialogue comprehension tasks. We further collect human annotations of STRUDEL summaries over 400 dialogues and introduce a new STRUDEL dialogue comprehension modeling framework that integrates STRUDEL into a graph-neural-network-based dialogue reasoning module over transformer encoder language models to improve their dialogue comprehension abilities. In our empirical experiments on two important downstream dialogue comprehension tasks - dialogue question answering and dialogue response prediction - we show that our STRUDEL dialogue comprehension model can significantly improve the dialogue comprehension performance of transformer encoder language models.
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对话是人类沟通与合作的重要组成部分。现有研究主要关注一对一时尚的短对话情景。然而,现实世界中的多人互动,例如会议或访谈,经常超过几千个字。仍然缺乏相应的研究和强大的工具来了解和处理这么长的对话。因此,在这项工作中,我们为长时间对话理解和总结提供了预先培训框架。考虑到长期交谈的性质,我们提出了一种基于窗口的去噪方法,用于生成预训练。对于对话框,它损坏了一个带有对话激发灵感噪声的文本窗口,并指导模型基于剩余对话的内容来重建此窗口。此外,为了更长的输入,我们增加了稀疏关注模型,这些模型以混合方式与传统的关注相结合。我们在长对话的五个数据集进行广泛的实验,涵盖对话摘要的任务,抽象问题回答和主题分割。实验,我们表明,我们的预先训练的模型DialogLM显着超越了数据集和任务的最先进的模型。我们的GitHub存储库(HTTPS:/github.com/microsoft/dialoglm上有源代码和所有预先训练的型号。
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在本文中,我们建议利用对话的独特特征,共享参与者的常识性知识,以解决总结它们的困难。我们提出了病态的框架,该框架使用常识推论作为其他背景。与以前仅依赖于输入对话的工作相比,Sick使用外部知识模型来生成丰富的常识推断,并选择具有基于相似性选择方法的最可能的推理。基于生病的,病人++的理解为监督,在总结多任务学习环境中的对话时,添加了产生常识推断的任务。实验结果表明,通过注入常识性知识,我们的框架比现有方法产生更多信息和一致的摘要。
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本文对过去二十年来对自然语言生成(NLG)的研究提供了全面的审查,特别是与数据到文本生成和文本到文本生成深度学习方法有关,以及NLG的新应用技术。该调查旨在(a)给出关于NLG核心任务的最新综合,以及该领域采用的建筑;(b)详细介绍各种NLG任务和数据集,并提请注意NLG评估中的挑战,专注于不同的评估方法及其关系;(c)强调一些未来的强调和相对近期的研究问题,因为NLG和其他人工智能领域的协同作用而增加,例如计算机视觉,文本和计算创造力。
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The task of response selection in multi-turn dialogue is to find the best option from all candidates. In order to improve the reasoning ability of the model, previous studies pay more attention to using explicit algorithms to model the dependencies between utterances, which are deterministic, limited and inflexible. In addition, few studies consider differences between the options before and after reasoning. In this paper, we propose an Implicit Relational Reasoning Graph Network to address these issues, which consists of the Utterance Relational Reasoner (URR) and the Option Dual Comparator (ODC). URR aims to implicitly extract dependencies between utterances, as well as utterances and options, and make reasoning with relational graph convolutional networks. ODC focuses on perceiving the difference between the options through dual comparison, which can eliminate the interference of the noise options. Experimental results on two multi-turn dialogue reasoning benchmark datasets MuTual and MuTual+ show that our method significantly improves the baseline of four pretrained language models and achieves state-of-the-art performance. The model surpasses human performance for the first time on the MuTual dataset.
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预训练的语言模型在对话任务上取得了长足的进步。但是,这些模型通常在表面对话文本上进行训练,因此被证明在理解对话环境的主要语义含义方面是薄弱的。我们研究抽象含义表示(AMR)作为预训练模型的明确语义知识,以捕获预训练期间对话中的核心语义信息。特别是,我们提出了一个基于语义的前训练框架,该框架通过三个任务来扩展标准的预训练框架(Devlin等,2019)。根据AMR图表示。关于聊天聊天和面向任务的对话的理解的实验表明了我们的模型的优势。据我们所知,我们是第一个利用深层语义表示进行对话预训练的人。
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深度学习的最新进展,尤其是编码器架构的发明,已大大改善了抽象性摘要系统的性能。尽管大多数研究都集中在书面文件上,但我们观察到过去几年对对话和多方对话的总结越来越兴趣。一个可以可靠地将人类对话的音频或笔录转换为删节版本的系统,该版本在讨论中最重要的一点上可以在各种现实世界中,从商务会议到医疗咨询再到客户都有价值服务电话。本文着重于多党会议的抽象性摘要,对与此任务相关的挑战,数据集和系统进行了调查,并讨论了未来研究的有希望的方向。
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Information overloading requires the need for summarizers to extract salient information from the text. Currently, there is an overload of dialogue data due to the rise of virtual communication platforms. The rise of Covid-19 has led people to rely on online communication platforms like Zoom, Slack, Microsoft Teams, Discord, etc. to conduct their company meetings. Instead of going through the entire meeting transcripts, people can use meeting summarizers to select useful data. Nevertheless, there is a lack of comprehensive surveys in the field of meeting summarizers. In this survey, we aim to cover recent meeting summarization techniques. Our survey offers a general overview of text summarization along with datasets and evaluation metrics for meeting summarization. We also provide the performance of each summarizer on a leaderboard. We conclude our survey with different challenges in this domain and potential research opportunities for future researchers.
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Natural Language Generation (NLG) has improved exponentially in recent years thanks to the development of sequence-to-sequence deep learning technologies such as Transformer-based language models. This advancement has led to more fluent and coherent NLG, leading to improved development in downstream tasks such as abstractive summarization, dialogue generation and data-to-text generation. However, it is also apparent that deep learning based generation is prone to hallucinate unintended text, which degrades the system performance and fails to meet user expectations in many real-world scenarios. To address this issue, many studies have been presented in measuring and mitigating hallucinated texts, but these have never been reviewed in a comprehensive manner before. In this survey, we thus provide a broad overview of the research progress and challenges in the hallucination problem in NLG. The survey is organized into two parts: (1) a general overview of metrics, mitigation methods, and future directions; and (2) an overview of task-specific research progress on hallucinations in the following downstream tasks, namely abstractive summarization, dialogue generation, generative question answering, data-to-text generation, machine translation, and visual-language generation. This survey serves to facilitate collaborative efforts among researchers in tackling the challenge of hallucinated texts in NLG.
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多文件摘要(MDS)是信息聚合的有效工具,它从与主题相关文档集群生成信息和简洁的摘要。我们的调查是,首先,系统地概述了最近的基于深度学习的MDS模型。我们提出了一种新的分类学,总结神经网络的设计策略,并进行全面的最先进的概要。我们突出了在现有文献中很少讨论的各种客观函数之间的差异。最后,我们提出了与这个新的和令人兴奋的领域有关的几个方向。
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生成摘要中的事实不一致严重限制了抽象对话摘要的实际应用。尽管通过使用预先训练的模型实现了显着进展,但在人类评估期间发现了大量的幻觉含量。预先接受的模型最常见的是微调文本摘要的跨熵损失,这可能不是最佳策略。在这项工作中,我们为带注释数据提供了事实错误的类型,以突出显示错误的类型并远离对事实的二进制了解。我们进一步提出了一种培训策略,通过新颖的对比微调,改善了摘要的事实一致性和整体素质。基于我们的语言信息的错误类型,我们设计了各个目标的不同模块化目标。具体而言,我们利用硬阴性样本具有误差,以减少事实不一致的产生。为了捕获扬声器之间的关键信息,我们还设计了特定于对话的损失。使用人类评估和自动忠实度量指标,我们表明我们的模型在对话摘要,Samsum语料库中大大降低了各种事实错误。此外,我们的模型可以推广到会议概述,AMI语料库,它产生的分数明显高于两个数据集关于单词 - 重叠度量标准的基线。
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上下文化的单词嵌入会导致自然语言理解中最新的表演。最近,诸如BERT之类的预先训练的深层上下文化的文本编码器显示了其在改善包括抽象性摘要在内的自然语言任务方面的潜力。对话摘要中的现有方法着重于将大型语言模型纳入摘要任务,该任务是在大规模语料库中培训的,这些任务由新闻文章组成,而不是多个演讲者的对话。在本文中,我们介绍了自我监督的方法,以补偿培训对话摘要模型的缺点。我们的原则是使用借口对话文本检测不一致的信息流,以增强伯特对对话文本表示形式的上下文能力。我们使用增强的BERT在共享的编码器架构上构建并微调一个抽象的对话摘要模型。我们通过Samsum语料库(Samsum copus)进行了验证评估我们的抽象对话摘要,这是一个最近介绍的带有抽象性对话摘要的数据集。我们所有的方法都为在胭脂分数中测得的抽象摘要做出了改进。通过一项广泛的消融研究,我们还向关键模型超参数,切换话语和掩盖对话者的概率提出了灵敏度分析。
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预先接受训练的语言模型的最新进展具有显着改善的神经反应生成。但是,现有方法通常将对话背景视为令牌的线性序列,并通过令牌级自我关注学习生成下一个单词。这些令牌级编码阻碍了话语中话语水平一致性的探索。本文介绍了对话贝特,这是一种新的会话响应生成模型,可以增强以前的基于PLM的对话模型。 DialogBert采用分层变压器架构。为了有效地捕捉话语中的话语水平一致性,我们提出了两种培训目标,包括蒙面的话语回归和分布式话语秩序与原始BERT训练相比。在三个多转对谈话数据集上的实验表明,在定量评估方面,我们的方法非常优于BART和Dialogpt等基线。人类评估表明,DialogBert比具有显着利润率的基线产生更加连贯,信息和人类的反应。
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有几种原因,抽象对话摘要是一项有挑战性的任务。首先,谈话中的大多数重要信息通过与不同纹理样式的多方交互来跨越话语。其次,对话通常是非正式结构,其中不同的个人表达个人观点,与文本摘要不同,通常针对新闻文章等正式文件的任务。为解决这些问题,我们专注于来自各个扬声器和独特的句法结构之间的话语之间的关联。扬声器具有唯一的文本方式,可以包含语言信息,例如声音。因此,我们通过利用语言信息(即POS标记)来构建语法感知模型,这通过自然区分从各个扬声器发出的句子来减轻上述问题。我们采用了多任务学习的语法感知信息和对话摘要。据我们所知,我们的方法是第一种将多任务学习应用于对话摘要任务的方法。 Samsum语料库(大规模对话摘要语料库)的实验表明,我们的方法改善了香草模型。我们进一步分析了我们对基线模型的方法的成本和益处。
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诸如学术文章和商业报告之类的长期文件一直是详细说明重要问题和需要额外关注的复杂主题的标准格式。自动汇总系统可以有效地将长文档置于简短而简洁的文本中,以封装最重要的信息,从而在帮助读者的理解中很重要。最近,随着神经体系结构的出现,已经做出了重大的研究工作,以推动自动文本摘要系统,以及有关将这些系统扩展到长期文档领域的挑战的大量研究。在这项调查中,我们提供了有关长期文档摘要的研究的全面概述,以及其研究环境的三个主要组成部分的系统评估:基准数据集,汇总模型和评估指标。对于每个组成部分,我们在长期汇总的背景下组织文献,并进行经验分析,以扩大有关当前研究进度的观点。实证分析包括一项研究基准数据集的内在特征,摘要模型的多维分析以及摘要评估指标的综述。根据总体发现,我们通过提出可能在这个快速增长的领域中提出未来探索的方向来得出结论。
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The goal of building dialogue agents that can converse with humans naturally has been a long-standing dream of researchers since the early days of artificial intelligence. The well-known Turing Test proposed to judge the ultimate validity of an artificial intelligence agent on the indistinguishability of its dialogues from humans'. It should come as no surprise that human-level dialogue systems are very challenging to build. But, while early effort on rule-based systems found limited success, the emergence of deep learning enabled great advance on this topic. In this thesis, we focus on methods that address the numerous issues that have been imposing the gap between artificial conversational agents and human-level interlocutors. These methods were proposed and experimented with in ways that were inspired by general state-of-the-art AI methodologies. But they also targeted the characteristics that dialogue systems possess.
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Transformer-based models have pushed state of the art in many areas of NLP, but our understanding of what is behind their success is still limited. This paper is the first survey of over 150 studies of the popular BERT model. We review the current state of knowledge about how BERT works, what kind of information it learns and how it is represented, common modifications to its training objectives and architecture, the overparameterization issue and approaches to compression. We then outline directions for future research.
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传达相关和忠实信息的能力对于有条件生成的许多任务至关重要,但对于神经SEQ-seq seq模型仍然难以捉摸,这些模型的输出通常显示出幻觉,并且无法正确涵盖重要细节。在这项工作中,我们主张规划作为有用的中间表示,以使有条件的一代减少不透明和扎根。我们的作品提出了将文本计划作为一系列提问(QA)对的新概念化。我们用QA蓝图作为内容选择(即〜说什么)和计划(即〜按什么顺序)来增强现有数据集(例如,用于摘要)。我们通过利用最先进的问题生成技术并将输入输出对自动获取蓝图,并将其转换为输入 - 蓝图输出输出元组。我们开发了基于变压器的模型,每个模型都在它们如何将蓝图合并到生成的输出中(例如,作为全局计划或迭代)。跨指标和数据集的评估表明,蓝图模型比不采取计划并允许对生成输出进行更严格控制的替代方案更为事实。
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Query-focused summarization has been considered as an important extension for text summarization. It aims to generate a concise highlight for a given query. Different from text summarization, query-focused summarization has long been plagued by the problem of lacking high-quality large-scale datasets. In this paper, we investigate the idea that whether we can integrate and transfer the knowledge of text summarization and question answering to assist the few-shot learning in query-focused summarization. Here, we propose prefix-merging, a prefix-based pretraining strategy for few-shot learning in query-focused summarization. Drawn inspiration from prefix-tuning, we are allowed to integrate the task knowledge from text summarization and question answering into a properly designed prefix and apply the merged prefix to query-focused summarization. With only a small amount of trainable parameters, prefix-merging outperforms fine-tuning on query-focused summarization. We further discuss the influence of different prefix designs and propose a visualized explanation for how prefix-merging works.
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旨在用自然语言和谐地与人类交流的智能对话体系对于促进人工智能时代的人机互动的发展非常出色。有了逐渐复杂的人类计算机交互要求(例如,多模式输入,时间敏感性),传统的基于文本的对话系统很难满足对更加生动和方便的交互的需求。因此,视觉背景增强对话系统(VAD)有可能通过感知和理解多模式信息(即图像或视频中的视觉上下文,文本对话历史记录)与人类进行交流,已成为主要的研究范式。 VAD受益于视觉和文本上下文之间的一致性和互补性,具有产生引人入胜和背景感知响应的潜力。为了描述VAD的开发,我们首先表征VAD的概念和独特功能,然后介绍其通用系统体系结构以说明系统工作流程。随后,对一些研究挑战和代表性作品进行了详细研究,然后进行了权威基准摘要。我们通过提出一些开放问题和有前途的VAD研究趋势来结束本文,例如,在跨模式对话环境下,人机对话的认知机制以及知识增强的跨模式语义互动。
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