\ textit {objection：}基于gadolinium的对比剂（GBCA）已被广泛用于更好地可视化脑磁共振成像中的疾病（MRI）。然而，大脑和身体内部的gadolin量引起了人们对使用GBCA的安全问题。因此，在提供类似的对比度信息的同时，可以减少甚至消除GBCA暴露的新方法的发展将在临床上具有重大用途。 \ textit {方法：}在这项工作中，我们提出了一种基于深度学习的方法，用于对脑肿瘤患者的对比增强T1合成。 3D高分辨率完全卷积网络（FCN）通过处理和聚合并行的多尺度信息保持高分辨率信息，旨在将前对比度MRI序列映射到对比度增强的MRI序列。具体而言，将三个前对比的MRI序列T1，T2和表观扩散系数图（ADC）用作输入，而对比后T1序列则被用作目标输出。为了减轻正常组织与肿瘤区域之间的数据不平衡问题，我们引入了局部损失，以改善肿瘤区域的贡献，从而可以更好地增强对肿瘤的增强结果。 \ textIt {结果：}进行了广泛的定量和视觉评估，我们提出的模型在大脑中达到28.24db的PSNR，在肿瘤区域达到21.2db。 \ textit {结论和意义：}我们的结果表明，用深度学习产生的合成对比图像代替GBCA的潜力。代码可在\ url {https://github.com/chenchao666/contrast-enhanced-mri-synthesis中获得

Cross-modality magnetic resonance (MR) image synthesis aims to produce missing modalities from existing ones. Currently, several methods based on deep neural networks have been developed using both source- and target-modalities in a supervised learning manner. However, it remains challenging to obtain a large amount of completely paired multi-modal training data, which inhibits the effectiveness of existing methods. In this paper, we propose a novel Self-supervised Learning-based Multi-scale Transformer Network (SLMT-Net) for cross-modality MR image synthesis, consisting of two stages, \ie, a pre-training stage and a fine-tuning stage. During the pre-training stage, we propose an Edge-preserving Masked AutoEncoder (Edge-MAE), which preserves the contextual and edge information by simultaneously conducting the image reconstruction and the edge generation. Besides, a patch-wise loss is proposed to treat the input patches differently regarding their reconstruction difficulty, by measuring the difference between the reconstructed image and the ground-truth. In this case, our Edge-MAE can fully leverage a large amount of unpaired multi-modal data to learn effective feature representations. During the fine-tuning stage, we present a Multi-scale Transformer U-Net (MT-UNet) to synthesize the target-modality images, in which a Dual-scale Selective Fusion (DSF) module is proposed to fully integrate multi-scale features extracted from the encoder of the pre-trained Edge-MAE. Moreover, we use the pre-trained encoder as a feature consistency module to measure the difference between high-level features of the synthesized image and the ground truth one. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed SLMT-Net, and our model can reliably synthesize high-quality images when the training set is partially unpaired. Our code will be publicly available at https://github.com/lyhkevin/SLMT-Net.

The existence of completely aligned and paired multi-modal neuroimaging data has proved its effectiveness in diagnosis of brain diseases. However, collecting the full set of well-aligned and paired data is expensive or even impractical, since the practical difficulties may include high cost, long time acquisition, image corruption, and privacy issues. A realistic solution is to explore either an unsupervised learning or a semi-supervised learning to synthesize the absent neuroimaging data. In this paper, we are the first one to comprehensively approach cross-modality neuroimage synthesis task from different perspectives, which include the level of the supervision (especially for weakly-supervised and unsupervised), loss function, evaluation metrics, the range of modality synthesis, datasets (aligned, private and public) and the synthesis-based downstream tasks. To begin with, we highlight several opening challenges for cross-modality neuroimage sysnthesis. Then we summarize the architecture of cross-modality synthesis under various of supervision level. In addition, we provide in-depth analysis of how cross-modality neuroimage synthesis can improve the performance of different downstream tasks. Finally, we re-evaluate the open challenges and point out the future directions for the remaining challenges. All resources are available at https://github.com/M-3LAB/awesome-multimodal-brain-image-systhesis

生成的对抗网络（GAN）是在众多领域成功使用的一种强大的深度学习模型。它们属于一个称为生成方法的更广泛的家族，该家族通过从真实示例中学习样本分布来生成新数据。在临床背景下，与传统的生成方法相比，GAN在捕获空间复杂，非线性和潜在微妙的疾病作用方面表现出增强的能力。这篇综述评估了有关gan在各种神经系统疾病的成像研究中的应用的现有文献，包括阿尔茨海默氏病，脑肿瘤，脑老化和多发性硬化症。我们为每个应用程序提供了各种GAN方法的直观解释，并进一步讨论了在神经影像学中利用gans的主要挑战，开放问题以及有希望的未来方向。我们旨在通过强调如何利用gan来支持临床决策，并有助于更好地理解脑部疾病的结构和功能模式，从而弥合先进的深度学习方法和神经病学研究之间的差距。

创伤性脑损伤（TBI）患者的脑网络分析对于其意识水平评估和预后评估至关重要，这需要分割某些意识相关的大脑区域。但是，由于很难收集TBI患者的手动注释的MR扫描，因此很难构建TBI分割模型。数据增强技术可用于缓解数据稀缺问题。但是，常规数据增强策略（例如空间和强度转化）无法模仿创伤性大脑中的变形和病变，这限制了后续分割任务的性能。为了解决这些问题，我们提出了一种名为TBIGA的新型医学图像授课模型，以通过配对的脑标签图合成TBI MR扫描。我们的TBIGAN方法的主要优势在于，它可以同时生成TBI图像和相应的标签映射，这在以前的医学图像的先前涂上方法中尚未实现。我们首先按照粗到细节的方式在边缘信息的指导下生成成分的图像，然后将合成强度图像用作标签上填充的先验。此外，我们引入了基于注册的模板增强管道，以增加合成图像对的多样性并增强数据增强能力。实验结果表明，提出的TBIGAN方法可以产生具有高质量和有效标签图的足够合成的TBI图像，这可以大大改善与替代方案相比的2D和3D创伤性脑部分割性能。

使用多模式磁共振成像（MRI）对于精确的脑肿瘤细分是必需的。主要问题是，并非所有类型的MRI都始终可以在临床考试中提供。基于同一患者的先生模式之间存在强烈相关性，在这项工作中，我们提出了一种缺少一个或多种方式的脑肿瘤分割网络。所提出的网络由三个子网组成：特征增强的生成器，相关约束块和分割网络。特征增强的生成器利用可用模态来生成表示缺少模态的3D特征增强图像。相关性约束块可以利用模态之间的多源相关性，并且还限制了发电机，以合成特征增强的模态，该特征增强的模态必须具有与可用模式具有相干相关性的特征增强的模态。分段网络是基于多编码器的U-Net，以实现最终的脑肿瘤分割。所提出的方法在Brats 2018数据集上进行评估。实验结果表明，拟议方法的有效性分别在全肿瘤，肿瘤核心和增强肿瘤上实现了82.9,74.9和59.1的平均骰子得分，并且优于3.5％，17％和18.2的最佳方法％。

脑肿瘤分割是医学图像分析中最具挑战性问题之一。脑肿瘤细分的目标是产生准确描绘脑肿瘤区域。近年来，深入学习方法在解决各种计算机视觉问题时表现出了有希望的性能，例如图像分类，对象检测和语义分割。基于深度学习的方法已经应用于脑肿瘤细分并取得了有希望的结果。考虑到最先进技术所制作的显着突破，我们使用本调查来提供最近开发的深层学习脑肿瘤分割技术的全面研究。在本次调查中选择并讨论了100多篇科学论文，广泛地涵盖了网络架构设计，在不平衡条件下的细分等技术方面，以及多种方式流程。我们还为未来的发展方向提供了富有洞察力的讨论。

随着深度学习方法的进步，如深度卷积神经网络，残余神经网络，对抗网络的进步。 U-Net架构最广泛利用生物医学图像分割，以解决目标区域或子区域的识别和检测的自动化。在最近的研究中，基于U-Net的方法在不同应用中显示了最先进的性能，以便在脑肿瘤，肺癌，阿尔茨海默，乳腺癌等疾病的早期诊断和治疗中发育计算机辅助诊断系统等，使用各种方式。本文通过描述U-Net框架来提出这些方法的成功，然后通过执行1）型号的U-Net变体进行综合分析，2）模特内分类，建立更好的见解相关的挑战和解决方案。此外，本文还强调了基于U-Net框架在持续的大流行病，严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-COV-2）中的贡献也称为Covid-19。最后，分析了这些U-Net变体的优点和相似性以及生物医学图像分割所涉及的挑战，以发现该领域的未来未来的研究方向。

Quantifying the perceptual similarity of two images is a long-standing problem in low-level computer vision. The natural image domain commonly relies on supervised learning, e.g., a pre-trained VGG, to obtain a latent representation. However, due to domain shift, pre-trained models from the natural image domain might not apply to other image domains, such as medical imaging. Notably, in medical imaging, evaluating the perceptual similarity is exclusively performed by specialists trained extensively in diverse medical fields. Thus, medical imaging remains devoid of task-specific, objective perceptual measures. This work answers the question: Is it necessary to rely on supervised learning to obtain an effective representation that could measure perceptual similarity, or is self-supervision sufficient? To understand whether recent contrastive self-supervised representation (CSR) may come to the rescue, we start with natural images and systematically evaluate CSR as a metric across numerous contemporary architectures and tasks and compare them with existing methods. We find that in the natural image domain, CSR behaves on par with the supervised one on several perceptual tests as a metric, and in the medical domain, CSR better quantifies perceptual similarity concerning the experts' ratings. We also demonstrate that CSR can significantly improve image quality in two image synthesis tasks. Finally, our extensive results suggest that perceptuality is an emergent property of CSR, which can be adapted to many image domains without requiring annotations.

Clinical diagnostic and treatment decisions rely upon the integration of patient-specific data with clinical reasoning. Cancer presents a unique context that influence treatment decisions, given its diverse forms of disease evolution. Biomedical imaging allows noninvasive assessment of disease based on visual evaluations leading to better clinical outcome prediction and therapeutic planning. Early methods of brain cancer characterization predominantly relied upon statistical modeling of neuroimaging data. Driven by the breakthroughs in computer vision, deep learning became the de facto standard in the domain of medical imaging. Integrated statistical and deep learning methods have recently emerged as a new direction in the automation of the medical practice unifying multi-disciplinary knowledge in medicine, statistics, and artificial intelligence. In this study, we critically review major statistical and deep learning models and their applications in brain imaging research with a focus on MRI-based brain tumor segmentation. The results do highlight that model-driven classical statistics and data-driven deep learning is a potent combination for developing automated systems in clinical oncology.

深度学习已被广​​泛用于医学图像分割，并且录制了录制了该领域深度学习的成功的大量论文。在本文中，我们使用深层学习技术对医学图像分割的全面主题调查。本文进行了两个原创贡献。首先，与传统调查相比，直接将深度学习的文献分成医学图像分割的文学，并为每组详细介绍了文献，我们根据从粗略到精细的多级结构分类目前流行的文献。其次，本文侧重于监督和弱监督的学习方法，而不包括无监督的方法，因为它们在许多旧调查中引入而且他们目前不受欢迎。对于监督学习方法，我们分析了三个方面的文献：骨干网络的选择，网络块的设计，以及损耗功能的改进。对于虚弱的学习方法，我们根据数据增强，转移学习和交互式分割进行调查文献。与现有调查相比，本调查将文献分类为比例不同，更方便读者了解相关理由，并将引导他们基于深度学习方法思考医学图像分割的适当改进。

Achieving accurate and automated tumor segmentation plays an important role in both clinical practice and radiomics research. Segmentation in medicine is now often performed manually by experts, which is a laborious, expensive and error-prone task. Manual annotation relies heavily on the experience and knowledge of these experts. In addition, there is much intra- and interobserver variation. Therefore, it is of great significance to develop a method that can automatically segment tumor target regions. In this paper, we propose a deep learning segmentation method based on multimodal positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT), which combines the high sensitivity of PET and the precise anatomical information of CT. We design an improved spatial attention network(ISA-Net) to increase the accuracy of PET or CT in detecting tumors, which uses multi-scale convolution operation to extract feature information and can highlight the tumor region location information and suppress the non-tumor region location information. In addition, our network uses dual-channel inputs in the coding stage and fuses them in the decoding stage, which can take advantage of the differences and complementarities between PET and CT. We validated the proposed ISA-Net method on two clinical datasets, a soft tissue sarcoma(STS) and a head and neck tumor(HECKTOR) dataset, and compared with other attention methods for tumor segmentation. The DSC score of 0.8378 on STS dataset and 0.8076 on HECKTOR dataset show that ISA-Net method achieves better segmentation performance and has better generalization. Conclusions: The method proposed in this paper is based on multi-modal medical image tumor segmentation, which can effectively utilize the difference and complementarity of different modes. The method can also be applied to other multi-modal data or single-modal data by proper adjustment.

Magnetic resonance (MR) and computer tomography (CT) images are two typical types of medical images that provide mutually-complementary information for accurate clinical diagnosis and treatment. However, obtaining both images may be limited due to some considerations such as cost, radiation dose and modality missing. Recently, medical image synthesis has aroused gaining research interest to cope with this limitation. In this paper, we propose a bidirectional learning model, denoted as dual contrast cycleGAN (DC-cycleGAN), to synthesize medical images from unpaired data. Specifically, a dual contrast loss is introduced into the discriminators to indirectly build constraints between real source and synthetic images by taking advantage of samples from the source domain as negative samples and enforce the synthetic images to fall far away from the source domain. In addition, cross-entropy and structural similarity index (SSIM) are integrated into the DC-cycleGAN in order to consider both the luminance and structure of samples when synthesizing images. The experimental results indicate that DC-cycleGAN is able to produce promising results as compared with other cycleGAN-based medical image synthesis methods such as cycleGAN, RegGAN, DualGAN, and NiceGAN. The code will be available at https://github.com/JiayuanWang-JW/DC-cycleGAN.

机器学习和计算机视觉技术近年来由于其自动化，适合性和产生惊人结果的能力而迅速发展。因此，在本文中，我们调查了2014年至2022年之间发表的关键研究，展示了不同的机器学习算法研究人员用来分割肝脏，肝肿瘤和肝脉管结构的研究。我们根据感兴趣的组织（肝果，肝肿瘤或肝毒剂）对被调查的研究进行了划分，强调了同时解决多个任务的研究。此外，机器学习算法被归类为受监督或无监督的，如果属于某个方案的工作量很大，则将进一步分区。此外，对文献和包含上述组织面具的网站发现的不同数据集和挑战进行了彻底讨论，强调了组织者的原始贡献和其他研究人员的贡献。同样，在我们的评论中提到了文献中过度使用的指标，这强调了它们与手头的任务的相关性。最后，强调创新研究人员应对需要解决的差距的关键挑战和未来的方向，例如许多关于船舶分割挑战的研究的稀缺性以及为什么需要早日处理他们的缺席。

可以使用超分辨率方法改善医学图像的空间分辨率。实际增强的超级分辨率生成对抗网络（Real-Esrgan）是最近用于产生较高分辨率图像的最新有效方法之一，给定较低分辨率的输入图像。在本文中，我们应用这种方法来增强2D MR图像的空间分辨率。在我们提出的方法中，我们稍微修改了从脑肿瘤分割挑战（BRATS）2018数据集中训练2D磁共振图像（MRI）的结构。通过计算SSIM（结构相似性指数量度），NRMSE（归一化根平方误），MAE（平均绝对误差）和VIF（视觉信息保真度）值，通过计算SSIM（结构相似性指数量度）进行定性和定量验证。

Magnetic Resonance Fingerprinting (MRF) is an efficient quantitative MRI technique that can extract important tissue and system parameters such as T1, T2, B0, and B1 from a single scan. This property also makes it attractive for retrospectively synthesizing contrast-weighted images. In general, contrast-weighted images like T1-weighted, T2-weighted, etc., can be synthesized directly from parameter maps through spin-dynamics simulation (i.e., Bloch or Extended Phase Graph models). However, these approaches often exhibit artifacts due to imperfections in the mapping, the sequence modeling, and the data acquisition. Here we propose a supervised learning-based method that directly synthesizes contrast-weighted images from the MRF data without going through the quantitative mapping and spin-dynamics simulation. To implement our direct contrast synthesis (DCS) method, we deploy a conditional Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) framework and propose a multi-branch U-Net as the generator. The input MRF data are used to directly synthesize T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images through supervised training on paired MRF and target spin echo-based contrast-weighted scans. In-vivo experiments demonstrate excellent image quality compared to simulation-based contrast synthesis and previous DCS methods, both visually as well as by quantitative metrics. We also demonstrate cases where our trained model is able to mitigate in-flow and spiral off-resonance artifacts that are typically seen in MRF reconstructions and thus more faithfully represent conventional spin echo-based contrast-weighted images.

Segmenting the fine structure of the mouse brain on magnetic resonance (MR) images is critical for delineating morphological regions, analyzing brain function, and understanding their relationships. Compared to a single MRI modality, multimodal MRI data provide complementary tissue features that can be exploited by deep learning models, resulting in better segmentation results. However, multimodal mouse brain MRI data is often lacking, making automatic segmentation of mouse brain fine structure a very challenging task. To address this issue, it is necessary to fuse multimodal MRI data to produce distinguished contrasts in different brain structures. Hence, we propose a novel disentangled and contrastive GAN-based framework, named MouseGAN++, to synthesize multiple MR modalities from single ones in a structure-preserving manner, thus improving the segmentation performance by imputing missing modalities and multi-modality fusion. Our results demonstrate that the translation performance of our method outperforms the state-of-the-art methods. Using the subsequently learned modality-invariant information as well as the modality-translated images, MouseGAN++ can segment fine brain structures with averaged dice coefficients of 90.0% (T2w) and 87.9% (T1w), respectively, achieving around +10% performance improvement compared to the state-of-the-art algorithms. Our results demonstrate that MouseGAN++, as a simultaneous image synthesis and segmentation method, can be used to fuse cross-modality information in an unpaired manner and yield more robust performance in the absence of multimodal data. We release our method as a mouse brain structural segmentation tool for free academic usage at https://github.com/yu02019.

在临床医学中，磁共振成像（MRI）是诊断，分类，预后和治疗计划中最重要的工具之一。然而，MRI遭受了固有的慢数据采集过程，因为数据在k空间中顺序收集。近年来，大多数MRI重建方法在文献中侧重于整体图像重建而不是增强边缘信息。这项工作通过详细说明了对边缘信息的提高来阐述了这一趋势。具体地，我们通过结合多视图信息介绍一种用于快速多通道MRI重建的新型并行成像耦合双鉴别器生成的对抗网络（PIDD-GaN）。双判别设计旨在改善MRI重建中的边缘信息。一个鉴别器用于整体图像重建，而另一个鉴别器是负责增强边缘信息的负责。为发电机提出了一种具有本地和全局剩余学习的改进的U-Net。频率通道注意块（FCA块）嵌入在发电机中以结合注意力机制。引入内容损耗以培训发电机以获得更好的重建质量。我们对Calgary-Campinas公共大脑MR DataSet进行了全面的实验，并将我们的方法与最先进的MRI重建方法进行了比较。在MICCAI13数据集上进行了对剩余学习的消融研究，以验证所提出的模块。结果表明，我们的PIDD-GaN提供高质量的重建MR图像，具有良好的边缘信息。单图像重建的时间低于5ms，符合加快处理的需求。

Medical images play an important role in clinical applications. Multimodal medical images could provide rich information about patients for physicians to diagnose. The image fusion technique is able to synthesize complementary information from multimodal images into a single image. This technique will prevent radiologists switch back and forth between different images and save lots of time in the diagnostic process. In this paper, we introduce a novel Dilated Residual Attention Network for the medical image fusion task. Our network is capable to extract multi-scale deep semantic features. Furthermore, we propose a novel fixed fusion strategy termed Softmax-based weighted strategy based on the Softmax weights and matrix nuclear norm. Extensive experiments show our proposed network and fusion strategy exceed the state-of-the-art performance compared with reference image fusion methods on four commonly used fusion metrics.

脑转移性疾病的治疗决策依赖于主要器官位点的知识，目前用活组织检查和组织学进行。在这里，我们开发了一种具有全脑MRI数据的准确非侵入性数字组织学的新型深度学习方法。我们的IRB批准的单网回顾性研究由患者（n = 1,399）组成，提及MRI治疗规划和伽马刀放射牢房超过19年。对比增强的T1加权和T2加权流体减毒的反转恢复脑MRI考试（n = 1,582）被预处理，并输入肿瘤细分，模态转移和主要部位分类的建议深度学习工作流程为五个课程之一（肺，乳腺，黑色素瘤，肾等）。十倍的交叉验证产生的总体AUC为0.947（95％CI：0.938,0.955），肺类AUC，0.899（95％CI：0.884,0.915），乳房类AUC为0.990（95％CI：0.983,0.997） ，黑色素瘤ACAC为0.882（95％CI：0.858,0.906），肾类AUC为0.870（95％CI：0.823,0.918），以及0.885的其他AUC（95％CI：0.843,0.949）。这些数据确定全脑成像特征是判别的，以便准确诊断恶性肿瘤的主要器官位点。我们的端到端深度射出方法具有巨大的分类来自全脑MRI图像的转移性肿瘤类型。进一步的细化可以提供一种无价的临床工具，以加快对精密治疗和改进的结果的原发性癌症现场鉴定。