我们介绍了第一个用于濒危Erzya语言与俄语以及我们为训练和评估它收集的数据集的神经机器翻译系统。BLEU分别分别为Erzya和Russian的BLEU分数分别为17和19，其中一半以上的翻译被以母语为母语的人可以接受。我们还调整了模型以在Erzya和其他10种语言之间转换，但是如果没有其他并行数据，这些方向上的质量仍然很低。我们将翻译模型与收集的文本语料库一起发布，新的语言标识模型以及适合Erzya语言的多语言句子编码器。这些资源将在https://github.com/slone-nlp/myv-nmt上找到。

我们介绍Samanantar，是最大的公开可用的并行Corpora Collection，用于指示语言。该集合中的英语和11个上线语言之间总共包含4970万句对（来自两种语言系列）。具体而言，我们从现有的公共可用并行基层编译1240万句对，另外，从网络上挖掘3740万句对，导致4倍增加。我们通过组合许多语料库，工具和方法来挖掘网站的并行句子：（a）Web爬行单格式语料库，（b）文档OCR，用于从扫描的文档中提取句子，（c）用于对齐句子的多语言表示模型，以及（d）近似最近的邻居搜索搜索大量句子。人类评估新矿业的Corpora的样本验证了11种语言的高质量平行句子。此外，我们使用英语作为枢轴语言，从英式并行语料库中提取所有55个指示语言对之间的834百万句子对。我们培训了跨越Samanantar上所有这些语言的多语种NMT模型，这在公开可用的基准上表现出现有的模型和基准，例如弗洛雷斯，建立萨曼塔尔的效用。我们的数据和模型可在Https://indicnlp.ai4bharat.org/samanantar/上公开提供，我们希望他们能够帮助推进NMT和Multibingual NLP的研究。

语言模型预训练的最新进展利用大规模数据集创建多语言模型。但是，这些数据集中大多遗漏了低资源语言。这主要是因为网络上没有很好地表示口语，因此被排除在用于创建数据集的大规模爬网中。此外，这些模型的下游用户仅限于最初选择用于预训练的语言的选择。这项工作调查了如何最佳利用现有的预培训模型来为16种非洲语言创建低资源翻译系统。我们关注两个问题：1）如何将预训练的模型用于初始预培训中未包含的语言？ 2）生成的翻译模型如何有效地转移到新域？为了回答这些问题，我们创建了一个新的非洲新闻语料库，涵盖16种语言，其中8种语言不属于任何现有评估数据集的一部分。我们证明，将两种语言转移到其他语言和其他领域的最有效策略是，以少量的高质量翻译数据微调大型预训练模型。

In this work, we introduce IndicXTREME, a benchmark consisting of nine diverse tasks covering 18 languages from the Indic sub-continent belonging to four different families. Across languages and tasks, IndicXTREME contains a total of 103 evaluation sets, of which 51 are new contributions to the literature. To maintain high quality, we only use human annotators to curate or translate\footnote{for IndicXParaphrase, where an automatic translation system is used, a second human verification and correction step is done.} our datasets. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first effort toward creating a standard benchmark for Indic languages that aims to test the zero-shot capabilities of pretrained language models. We also release IndicCorp v2, an updated and much larger version of IndicCorp that contains 20.9 billion tokens in 24 languages. We pretrain IndicBERT v2 on IndicCorp v2 and evaluate it on IndicXTREME to show that it outperforms existing multilingual language models such as XLM-R and MuRIL.

我们提出了一种两阶段的培训方法，用于开发单个NMT模型，以翻译英语和英语的看不见的语言。对于第一阶段，我们将编码器模型初始化以鉴定XLM-R和Roberta的权重，然后对25种语言的平行数据进行多种语言微调。我们发现该模型可以推广到对看不见的语言的零击翻译。在第二阶段，我们利用这种概括能力从单语数据集生成合成的并行数据，然后用连续的反向翻译训练。最终模型扩展到了英语到许多方向，同时保持了多到英语的性能。我们称我们的方法为ecxtra（以英语为中心的跨语言（x）转移）。我们的方法依次利用辅助并行数据和单语言数据，并且在概念上很简单，仅在两个阶段都使用标准的跨熵目标。最终的ECXTRA模型对8种低资源语言的无监督NMT进行了评估，该语言为英语至哈萨克语（22.3> 10.4 bleu）以及其他15个翻译方向的竞争性能而获得了新的最先进。

机器翻译系统（MTS）是通过将文本或语音从一种语言转换为另一种语言的有效工具。在像印度这样的大型多语言环境中，对有效的翻译系统的需求变得显而易见，英语和一套印度语言（ILS）正式使用。与英语相反，由于语料库的不可用，IL仍然被视为低资源语言。为了解决不对称性质，多语言神经机器翻译（MNMT）系统会发展为在这个方向上的理想方法。在本文中，我们提出了一个MNMT系统，以解决与低资源语言翻译有关的问题。我们的模型包括两个MNMT系统，即用于英语印度（一对多），另一个用于指示英语（多一对多），其中包含15个语言对（30个翻译说明）的共享编码器码头。由于大多数IL对具有很少的平行语料库，因此不足以训练任何机器翻译模型。我们探索各种增强策略，以通过建议的模型提高整体翻译质量。最先进的变压器体系结构用于实现所提出的模型。大量数据的试验揭示了其优越性比常规模型的优势。此外，本文解决了语言关系的使用（在方言，脚本等方面），尤其是关于同一家族的高资源语言在提高低资源语言表现方面的作用。此外，实验结果还表明了ILS的倒退和域适应性的优势，以提高源和目标语言的翻译质量。使用所有这些关键方法，我们提出的模型在评估指标方面比基线模型更有效，即一组ILS的BLEU（双语评估研究）得分。

State-of-the-art natural language processing systems rely on supervision in the form of annotated data to learn competent models. These models are generally trained on data in a single language (usually English), and cannot be directly used beyond that language. Since collecting data in every language is not realistic, there has been a growing interest in crosslingual language understanding (XLU) and low-resource cross-language transfer. In this work, we construct an evaluation set for XLU by extending the development and test sets of the Multi-Genre Natural Language Inference Corpus (MultiNLI) to 15 languages, including low-resource languages such as Swahili and Urdu. We hope that our dataset, dubbed XNLI, will catalyze research in cross-lingual sentence understanding by providing an informative standard evaluation task. In addition, we provide several baselines for multilingual sentence understanding, including two based on machine translation systems, and two that use parallel data to train aligned multilingual bag-of-words and LSTM encoders. We find that XNLI represents a practical and challenging evaluation suite, and that directly translating the test data yields the best performance among available baselines.

Translating training data into many languages has emerged as a practical solution for improving cross-lingual transfer. For tasks that involve span-level annotations, such as information extraction or question answering, an additional label projection step is required to map annotated spans onto the translated texts. Recently, a few efforts have utilized a simple mark-then-translate method to jointly perform translation and projection by inserting special markers around the labeled spans in the original sentence. However, as far as we are aware, no empirical analysis has been conducted on how this approach compares to traditional annotation projection based on word alignment. In this paper, we present an extensive empirical study across 42 languages and three tasks (QA, NER, and Event Extraction) to evaluate the effectiveness and limitations of both methods, filling an important gap in the literature. Experimental results show that our optimized version of mark-then-translate, which we call EasyProject, is easily applied to many languages and works surprisingly well, outperforming the more complex word alignment-based methods. We analyze several key factors that affect end-task performance, and show EasyProject works well because it can accurately preserve label span boundaries after translation. We will publicly release all our code and data.

This paper demonstrates that multilingual denoising pre-training produces significant performance gains across a wide variety of machine translation (MT) tasks. We present mBART -a sequence-to-sequence denoising auto-encoder pre-trained on large-scale monolingual corpora in many languages using the BART objective . mBART is the first method for pre-training a complete sequence-to-sequence model by denoising full texts in multiple languages, while previous approaches have focused only on the encoder, decoder, or reconstructing parts of the text. Pre-training a complete model allows it to be directly fine tuned for supervised (both sentence-level and document-level) and unsupervised machine translation, with no task-specific modifications. We demonstrate that adding mBART initialization produces performance gains in all but the highest-resource settings, including up to 12 BLEU points for low resource MT and over 5 BLEU points for many document-level and unsupervised models. We also show it also enables new types of transfer to language pairs with no bi-text or that were not in the pre-training corpus, and present extensive analysis of which factors contribute the most to effective pre-training.

本文记录了伊图哥本哈根（ITU Copenhagen）生产的法罗伊斯（Faroese）和丹麦（Faroese）之间的句子对数据集。数据涵盖了两种源语言的tranlsation，旨在用作此语言对的机器翻译系统的培训数据。

The Annals of Joseon Dynasty (AJD) contain the daily records of the Kings of Joseon, the 500-year kingdom preceding the modern nation of Korea. The Annals were originally written in an archaic Korean writing system, `Hanja', and were translated into Korean from 1968 to 1993. The resulting translation was however too literal and contained many archaic Korean words; thus, a new expert translation effort began in 2012. Since then, the records of only one king have been completed in a decade. In parallel, expert translators are working on English translation, also at a slow pace and produced only one king's records in English so far. Thus, we propose H2KE, a neural machine translation model, that translates historical documents in Hanja to more easily understandable Korean and to English. Built on top of multilingual neural machine translation, H2KE learns to translate a historical document written in Hanja, from both a full dataset of outdated Korean translation and a small dataset of more recently translated contemporary Korean and English. We compare our method against two baselines: a recent model that simultaneously learns to restore and translate Hanja historical document and a Transformer based model trained only on newly translated corpora. The experiments reveal that our method significantly outperforms the baselines in terms of BLEU scores for both contemporary Korean and English translations. We further conduct extensive human evaluation which shows that our translation is preferred over the original expert translations by both experts and non-expert Korean speakers.

在本文中，我们分享了我们努力建立能够翻译一千多种语言的实用机器翻译（MT）系统的发现。我们在三个研究领域中描述了结果：（i）通过利用半监督预训练的语言识别和开发数据驱动的过滤技术来构建1500多种语言的清洁，网挖数据集； （ii）通过利用大规模的多语言模型来开发用于服务不足的语言的实用MT模型，该模型训练了有监督的并行数据，以使用100多种高资源语言和单语言数据集，以增加1000多种语言； （iii）研究这些语言的评估指标的局限性，并对我们MT模型的输出进行定性分析，突出显示了这些类型模型的几种频繁误差模式。我们希望我们的工作为旨在为当前研究的语言构建MT系统的从业者提供有用的见解，并突出显示可以补充Data-Sparse设置中大量多语言模型的弱点的研究方向。

神经机器翻译（NMT）模型在大型双语数据集上已有效。但是，现有的方法和技术表明，该模型的性能高度取决于培训数据中的示例数量。对于许多语言而言，拥有如此数量的语料库是一个牵强的梦想。我们从单语言词典探索新语言的单语扬声器中汲取灵感，我们研究了双语词典对具有极低或双语语料库的语言的适用性。在本文中，我们使用具有NMT模型的双语词典探索方法，以改善资源极低的资源语言的翻译。我们将此工作扩展到多语言系统，表现出零拍的属性。我们详细介绍了字典质量，培训数据集大小，语言家族等对翻译质量的影响。多种低资源测试语言的结果表明，我们的双语词典方法比基线相比。

我们对真正低资源语言的神经机翻译（NMT）进行了实证研究，并提出了一个训练课程，适用于缺乏并行培训数据和计算资源的情况，反映了世界上大多数世界语言和研究人员的现实致力于这些语言。以前，已经向低资源语言储存了使用后翻译（BT）和自动编码（AE）任务的无监督NMT。我们证明利用可比的数据和代码切换作为弱监管，与BT和AE目标相结合，即使仅使用适度的计算资源，低资源语言也会显着改进。在这项工作中提出的培训课程实现了Bleu分数，可通过+12.2 Bleu为古吉拉特和+3.7 Bleu为哈萨克斯培训的监督NMT培训，展示了弱势监督的巨大监督态度资源语言。在受到监督数据的培训时，我们的培训课程达到了索马里数据集（索马里29.3的BLEU的最先进的结果）。我们还观察到增加更多时间和GPU来培训可以进一步提高性能，强调报告在MT研究中的报告资源使用的重要性。

We present, Naamapadam, the largest publicly available Named Entity Recognition (NER) dataset for the 11 major Indian languages from two language families. In each language, it contains more than 400k sentences annotated with a total of at least 100k entities from three standard entity categories (Person, Location and Organization) for 9 out of the 11 languages. The training dataset has been automatically created from the Samanantar parallel corpus by projecting automatically tagged entities from an English sentence to the corresponding Indian language sentence. We also create manually annotated testsets for 8 languages containing approximately 1000 sentences per language. We demonstrate the utility of the obtained dataset on existing testsets and the Naamapadam-test data for 8 Indic languages. We also release IndicNER, a multilingual mBERT model fine-tuned on the Naamapadam training set. IndicNER achieves the best F1 on the Naamapadam-test set compared to an mBERT model fine-tuned on existing datasets. IndicNER achieves an F1 score of more than 80 for 7 out of 11 Indic languages. The dataset and models are available under open-source licenses at https://ai4bharat.iitm.ac.in/naamapadam.

编码单词语义属性的密集词向量或“Word Embeddings”现在已成为机器翻译（MT），问题应答（QA），字感消解（WSD）和信息检索（IR）中的NLP任务的积分。在本文中，我们使用各种现有方法为14个印度语言创建多个单词嵌入。我们将这些嵌入的嵌入式为所有这些语言，萨姆萨姆，孟加拉，古吉拉蒂，印地教派，kannada，konkani，malayalam，marathi，尼泊尔，odiya，punjabi，梵语，泰米尔和泰雅古士在一个单一的存储库中。相对较新的方法，强调迎合上下文（BERT，ELMO等），表明了显着的改进，但需要大量资源来产生可用模型。我们释放使用上下文和非上下文方法生成的预训练嵌入。我们还使用Muse和XLM来培训所有上述语言的交叉语言嵌入。为了展示我们嵌入的效果，我们为所有这些语言评估了我们对XPOS，UPOS和NER任务的嵌入模型。我们使用8种不同的方法释放了436个型号。我们希望他们对资源受限的印度语言NLP有用。本文的标题是指最初在1924年出版的福斯特的着名小说“一段是印度”。

The BERT family of neural language models have become highly popular due to their ability to provide sequences of text with rich context-sensitive token encodings which are able to generalise well to many NLP tasks. We introduce gaBERT, a monolingual BERT model for the Irish language. We compare our gaBERT model to multilingual BERT and the monolingual Irish WikiBERT, and we show that gaBERT provides better representations for a downstream parsing task. We also show how different filtering criteria, vocabulary size and the choice of subword tokenisation model affect downstream performance. We compare the results of fine-tuning a gaBERT model with an mBERT model for the task of identifying verbal multiword expressions, and show that the fine-tuned gaBERT model also performs better at this task. We release gaBERT and related code to the community.

We study politeness phenomena in nine typologically diverse languages. Politeness is an important facet of communication and is sometimes argued to be cultural-specific, yet existing computational linguistic study is limited to English. We create TyDiP, a dataset containing three-way politeness annotations for 500 examples in each language, totaling 4.5K examples. We evaluate how well multilingual models can identify politeness levels -- they show a fairly robust zero-shot transfer ability, yet fall short of estimated human accuracy significantly. We further study mapping the English politeness strategy lexicon into nine languages via automatic translation and lexicon induction, analyzing whether each strategy's impact stays consistent across languages. Lastly, we empirically study the complicated relationship between formality and politeness through transfer experiments. We hope our dataset will support various research questions and applications, from evaluating multilingual models to constructing polite multilingual agents.

This paper presents the OPUS ecosystem with a focus on the development of open machine translation models and tools, and their integration into end-user applications, development platforms and professional workflows. We discuss our on-going mission of increasing language coverage and translation quality, and also describe on-going work on the development of modular translation models and speed-optimized compact solutions for real-time translation on regular desktops and small devices.

在所有人类语言对之间实现通用翻译是机器翻译的圣杯（MT）研究。虽然最近在大量的多语言MT中的进展是达到这一目标的一步，但它变得明显，即简单地通过在更加平行数据上训练扩展多语言MT系统是不可编译的，因为用于低资源和非英语的标记数据的可用性 - 姓氏对禁止有限。为此，我们展示了一种务实的方法，可以使用监督和自我监督目标的混合来构建涵盖数百种语言的多语种MT模型，具体取决于不同语言对的数据可用性。我们展示这两种训练范例之间的协同作用使模型能够在零资源设置中产生高质量的翻译，甚至超过监控的用于中资和中资和中资质。我们开展广泛的实验，了解多语言监督，域错配和平行和单机数据量的效果，以了解我们自我监督的多语言模型的质量。为了展示方法的可扩展性，我们培训具有200多种语言的模型，并在几个先前研究的语言上展示了对零资源翻译的高性能。我们希望我们的调查结果将成为踏脚石，以便为下一千种语言进行翻译。