自Transe出来以来，基于翻译的知识图嵌入一直是知识表示学习的最重要分支之一。尽管近年来许多基于翻译的方法取得了一些进展，但表现仍然不令人满意。本文提出了一种名为Triplere的新颖知识图嵌入方法，带有两个版本。Triplere的第一个版本创造性地将关系向量分为三个部分。第二版利用了残留的概念，并取得了更好的性能。此外，尝试使用NodePiece编码实体的尝试可以实现有希望的结果，从而减少了参数大小，并解决了可伸缩性问题。实验表明，我们的方法在大规模知识图数据集上实现了最先进的性能，并在其他数据集上实现了竞争性能。

Knowledge graph embedding (KGE) models learn the representation of entities and relations in knowledge graphs. Distance-based methods show promising performance on link prediction task, which predicts the result by the distance between two entity representations. However, most of these methods represent the head entity and tail entity separately, which limits the model capacity. We propose two novel distance-based methods named InterHT and InterHT+ that allow the head and tail entities to interact better and get better entity representation. Experimental results show that our proposed method achieves the best results on ogbl-wikikg2 dataset.

链路预测是预测知识图的实体之间缺失关系的任务。最近的链路预测工作已经尝试通过在神经网络架构中使用更多层来提供增加链路预测精度的模型。在本文中，我们提出了一种精炼知识图的新方法，从而可以使用相对快速的翻译模型更准确地执行链路预测操作。翻译链接预测模型，如Transe，Transh，Transd，而不是深度学习方法的复杂性较小。我们的方法使用知识图中的关系和实体的层次结构将实体信息作为辅助节点添加到图形中，并将它们连接到包含在其层级中的该信息的节点。我们的实验表明，我们的方法可以显着提高H @ 10的翻译链路预测方法的性能，MRR，MRR。

图表可以表示实体之间的关系信息，图形结构广泛用于许多智能任务，例如搜索，推荐和问题应答。然而，实际上大多数图形结构数据都遭受了不完整性，因此链路预测成为一个重要的研究问题。虽然提出了许多模型来用于链路预测，但以下两个问题仍然仍然较少：（1）大多数方法在不利用相关链路中使用丰富的信息，大多数方法都独立模型，并且（2）现有型号主要基于关联设计学习并没有考虑推理。通过这些问题，在本文中，我们提出了图表协作推理（GCR），它可以使用邻居与逻辑推理视角的关系中的关系推理。我们提供了一种简单的方法来将图形结构转换为逻辑表达式，以便链路预测任务可以转换为神经逻辑推理问题。我们应用逻辑受限的神经模块根据逻辑表达式构建网络架构，并使用反向传播以有效地学习模型参数，这在统一架构中桥接可分辨率的学习和象征性推理。为了展示我们工作的有效性，我们对图形相关任务进行实验，例如基于常用的基准数据集的链路预测和推荐，我们的图表合作推理方法实现了最先进的性能。

知识图（kg）嵌入在实体的学习表示和链接预测任务的关系方面表现出很大的力量。以前的工作通常将KG嵌入到单个几何空间中，例如欧几里得空间（零弯曲），双曲空间（负弯曲）或超透明空间（积极弯曲），以维持其特定的几何结构（例如，链，层次结构和环形结构）。但是，KGS的拓扑结构似乎很复杂，因为它可能同时包含多种类型的几何结构。因此，将kg嵌入单个空间中，无论欧几里得空间，双曲线空间或透明空间，都无法准确捕获KGS的复杂结构。为了克服这一挑战，我们提出了几何相互作用知识图嵌入（GIE），该图形嵌入了，该图形在欧几里得，双曲线和超级空间之间进行了交互学习的空间结构。从理论上讲，我们提出的GIE可以捕获一组更丰富的关系信息，模型键推理模式，并启用跨实体的表达语义匹配。三个完善的知识图完成基准的实验结果表明，我们的GIE以更少的参数实现了最先进的性能。

事实证明，信息提取方法可有效从结构化或非结构化数据中提取三重。以（头部实体，关系，尾部实体）形式组织这样的三元组的组织称为知识图（kgs）。当前的大多数知识图都是不完整的。为了在下游任务中使用kgs，希望预测kgs中缺少链接。最近，通过将实体和关系嵌入到低维的矢量空间中，旨在根据先前访问的三元组来预测三元组，从而对KGS表示不同的方法。根据如何独立或依赖对三元组进行处理，我们将知识图完成的任务分为传统和图形神经网络表示学习，并更详细地讨论它们。在传统的方法中，每个三重三倍将独立处理，并在基于GNN的方法中进行处理，三倍也考虑了他们的当地社区。查看全文

Conventional representation learning algorithms for knowledge graphs (KG) map each entity to a unique embedding vector, ignoring the rich information contained in the neighborhood. We propose a method named StarGraph, which gives a novel way to utilize the neighborhood information for large-scale knowledge graphs to obtain entity representations. An incomplete two-hop neighborhood subgraph for each target node is at first generated, then processed by a modified self-attention network to obtain the entity representation, which is used to replace the entity embedding in conventional methods. We achieved SOTA performance on ogbl-wikikg2 and got competitive results on fb15k-237. The experimental results proves that StarGraph is efficient in parameters, and the improvement made on ogbl-wikikg2 demonstrates its great effectiveness of representation learning on large-scale knowledge graphs. The code is now available at \url{https://github.com/hzli-ucas/StarGraph}.

We study the problem of learning representations of entities and relations in knowledge graphs for predicting missing links. The success of such a task heavily relies on the ability of modeling and inferring the patterns of (or between) the relations. In this paper, we present a new approach for knowledge graph embedding called RotatE, which is able to model and infer various relation patterns including: symmetry/antisymmetry, inversion, and composition. Specifically, the RotatE model defines each relation as a rotation from the source entity to the target entity in the complex vector space. In addition, we propose a novel self-adversarial negative sampling technique for efficiently and effectively training the RotatE model. Experimental results on multiple benchmark knowledge graphs show that the proposed RotatE model is not only scalable, but also able to infer and model various relation patterns and significantly outperform existing state-of-the-art models for link prediction.

链接预测的任务旨在解决由于难以从现实世界中收集事实而引起的不完整知识的问题。基于GCN的模型由于其复杂性而广泛应用于解决链接预测问题，但基于GCN的模型在结构和培训过程中遇到了两个问题。 1）GCN层的转化方法在基于GCN的知识表示模型中变得越来越复杂； 2）由于知识图收集过程的不完整，标记为负样本中有许多未收集的真实事实。因此，本文研究了相邻节点的信息聚合系数（自我注意）的特征，并重新设计了GAT结构的自我注意力。同时，受到人类思维习惯的启发，我们在预训练的模型上设计了一种半监督的自训练方法。基准数据集FB15K-237和WN18RR上的实验结果表明，我们提出的自我发项机制和半监督的自我训练方法可以有效地提高链接预测任务的性能。例如，如果您查看FB15K-237，则建议的方法将@1的命中率提高了约30％。

Knowledge graph embedding (KGE) aims to learn powerful representations to benefit various artificial intelligence applications, such as question answering and recommendations. Meanwhile, contrastive learning (CL), as an effective mechanism to enhance the discriminative capacity of the learned representations, has been leveraged in different fields, especially graph-based models. However, since the structures of knowledge graphs (KGs) are usually more complicated compared to homogeneous graphs, it is hard to construct appropriate contrastive sample pairs. In this paper, we find that the entities within a symmetrical structure are usually more similar and correlated. This key property can be utilized to construct contrastive positive pairs for contrastive learning. Following the ideas above, we propose a relational symmetrical structure based knowledge graph contrastive learning framework, termed KGE-SymCL, which leverages the symmetrical structure information in KGs to enhance the discriminative ability of KGE models. Concretely, a plug-and-play approach is designed by taking the entities in the relational symmetrical positions as the positive samples. Besides, a self-supervised alignment loss is used to pull together the constructed positive sample pairs for contrastive learning. Extensive experimental results on benchmark datasets have verified the good generalization and superiority of the proposed framework.

Knowledge graph embedding (KGE) is a increasingly popular technique that aims to represent entities and relations of knowledge graphs into low-dimensional semantic spaces for a wide spectrum of applications such as link prediction, knowledge reasoning and knowledge completion. In this paper, we provide a systematic review of existing KGE techniques based on representation spaces. Particularly, we build a fine-grained classification to categorise the models based on three mathematical perspectives of the representation spaces: (1) Algebraic perspective, (2) Geometric perspective, and (3) Analytical perspective. We introduce the rigorous definitions of fundamental mathematical spaces before diving into KGE models and their mathematical properties. We further discuss different KGE methods over the three categories, as well as summarise how spatial advantages work over different embedding needs. By collating the experimental results from downstream tasks, we also explore the advantages of mathematical space in different scenarios and the reasons behind them. We further state some promising research directions from a representation space perspective, with which we hope to inspire researchers to design their KGE models as well as their related applications with more consideration of their mathematical space properties.

Covid-19上的知识图（KGS）已建立在加速Covid-19的研究过程中。然而，KGs总是不完整，特别是新建造的Covid-19公斤。链路预测任务旨在预测（e，r，t）或（h，r，e）的丢失实体，其中H和t是某些实体，E是需要预测的实体，R是关系。这项任务还有可能解决Covid-19相关的KGS的不完全问题。虽然已经提出了各种知识图形嵌入（KGE）方法的链路预测任务，但这些现有方法遭受了使用单个评分函数的限制，这不能捕获Covid-19 Kgs的丰富特征。在这项工作中，我们提出了利用多个评分函数来提取来自现有三元组的更多特征的MDistmult模型。我们在CCKS2020 Covid-19抗病毒药物知识图（CADKG）上采用实验。实验结果表明，我们的MDistmult在CADKG数据集上的链路预测任务中实现了最先进的性能

知识图嵌入（KGE）旨在将实体和关系映射到低维空间，并成为知识图完成的\ textit {de-facto}标准。大多数现有的KGE方法都受到稀疏挑战的困扰，在这种挑战中，很难预测在知识图中频繁的实体。在这项工作中，我们提出了一个新颖的框架KRACL，以减轻具有图表和对比度学习的KG中广泛的稀疏性。首先，我们建议知识关系网络（KRAT）通过同时将相邻的三元组投射到不同的潜在空间，并通过注意机制共同汇总信息来利用图形上下文。 KRAT能够捕获不同上下文三联的微妙的语义信息和重要性，并利用知识图中的多跳信息。其次，我们通过将对比度损失与跨熵损失相结合，提出知识对比损失，这引入了更多的负样本，从而丰富了对稀疏实体的反馈。我们的实验表明，KRACL在各种标准知识基准中取得了卓越的结果，尤其是在WN18RR和NELL-995上，具有大量低级内实体。广泛的实验还具有KRACL在处理稀疏知识图和鲁棒性三元组的鲁棒性方面的有效性。

Knowledge graphs enable a wide variety of applications, including question answering and information retrieval. Despite the great effort invested in their creation and maintenance, even the largest (e.g., Yago, DBPedia or Wikidata) remain incomplete. We introduce Relational Graph Convolutional Networks (R-GCNs) and apply them to two standard knowledge base completion tasks: Link prediction (recovery of missing facts, i.e. subject-predicate-object triples) and entity classification (recovery of missing entity attributes). R-GCNs are related to a recent class of neural networks operating on graphs, and are developed specifically to deal with the highly multi-relational data characteristic of realistic knowledge bases. We demonstrate the effectiveness of R-GCNs as a stand-alone model for entity classification. We further show that factorization models for link prediction such as DistMult can be significantly improved by enriching them with an encoder model to accumulate evidence over multiple inference steps in the relational graph, demonstrating a large improvement of 29.8% on FB15k-237 over a decoder-only baseline. * Equal contribution.

链路预测在知识图中起着重要作用，这是许多人工智能任务的重要资源，但它通常受不完整的限制。在本文中，我们提出了知识图表BERT for Link预测，名为LP-BERT，其中包含两个培训阶段：多任务预训练和知识图微调。预训练策略不仅使用掩码语言模型（MLM）来学习上下文语料库的知识，还引入掩模实体模型（MEM）和掩模关系模型（MRM），其可以通过预测语义来学习三元组的关系信息基于实体和关系元素。结构化三维关系信息可以转换为非结构化语义信息，可以将其与上下文语料库信息一起集成到培训模型中。在微调阶段，灵感来自对比学习，我们在样本批量中进行三样式的负面取样，这大大增加了负采样的比例，同时保持训练时间几乎不变。此外，我们提出了一种基于Triples的逆关系的数据增强方法，以进一步增加样本分集。我们在WN18RR和UMLS数据集上实现最先进的结果，特别是HITS @ 10指示器从WN18RR数据集上的先前最先进的结果提高了5 \％。

Knowledge graph (KG) embedding is to embed components of a KG including entities and relations into continuous vector spaces, so as to simplify the manipulation while preserving the inherent structure of the KG. It can benefit a variety of downstream tasks such as KG completion and relation extraction, and hence has quickly gained massive attention. In this article, we provide a systematic review of existing techniques, including not only the state-of-the-arts but also those with latest trends. Particularly, we make the review based on the type of information used in the embedding task. Techniques that conduct embedding using only facts observed in the KG are first introduced. We describe the overall framework, specific model design, typical training procedures, as well as pros and cons of such techniques. After that, we discuss techniques that further incorporate additional information besides facts. We focus specifically on the use of entity types, relation paths, textual descriptions, and logical rules. Finally, we briefly introduce how KG embedding can be applied to and benefit a wide variety of downstream tasks such as KG completion, relation extraction, question answering, and so forth.

Link prediction for knowledge graphs is the task of predicting missing relationships between entities. Previous work on link prediction has focused on shallow, fast models which can scale to large knowledge graphs. However, these models learn less expressive features than deep, multi-layer modelswhich potentially limits performance. In this work we introduce ConvE, a multi-layer convolutional network model for link prediction, and report state-of-the-art results for several established datasets. We also show that the model is highly parameter efficient, yielding the same performance as DistMult and R-GCN with 8x and 17x fewer parameters. Analysis of our model suggests that it is particularly effective at modelling nodes with high indegree -which are common in highlyconnected, complex knowledge graphs such as Freebase and YAGO3. In addition, it has been noted that the WN18 and FB15k datasets suffer from test set leakage, due to inverse relations from the training set being present in the test sethowever, the extent of this issue has so far not been quantified. We find this problem to be severe: a simple rule-based model can achieve state-of-the-art results on both WN18 and FB15k. To ensure that models are evaluated on datasets where simply exploiting inverse relations cannot yield competitive results, we investigate and validate several commonly used datasets -deriving robust variants where necessary. We then perform experiments on these robust datasets for our own and several previously proposed models, and find that ConvE achieves state-of-the-art Mean Reciprocal Rank across most datasets.

Knowledge graph embedding (KGE), which maps entities and relations in a knowledge graph into continuous vector spaces, has achieved great success in predicting missing links in knowledge graphs. However, knowledge graphs often contain incomplete triples that are difficult to inductively infer by KGEs. To address this challenge, we resort to analogical inference and propose a novel and general self-supervised framework AnKGE to enhance KGE models with analogical inference capability. We propose an analogical object retriever that retrieves appropriate analogical objects from entity-level, relation-level, and triple-level. And in AnKGE, we train an analogy function for each level of analogical inference with the original element embedding from a well-trained KGE model as input, which outputs the analogical object embedding. In order to combine inductive inference capability from the original KGE model and analogical inference capability enhanced by AnKGE, we interpolate the analogy score with the base model score and introduce the adaptive weights in the score function for prediction. Through extensive experiments on FB15k-237 and WN18RR datasets, we show that AnKGE achieves competitive results on link prediction task and well performs analogical inference.

捕获关系的构图模式是知识图表完成中的重要任务。它还是迈向多跳推理的基本步骤，以了解学到的知识。以前，已经开发了几种基于旋转的翻译方法来使用一系列复值对角线矩阵的产品来模拟复合关系。然而，这些方法倾向于对复合关系进行几种超薄假设，例如，强迫他们独立于实体和缺乏语义等级的交换。为了系统地解决这些问题，我们开发了一种新颖的知识图形嵌入方法，命名为密集，为复杂的关系模式提供改进的建模方案。特别地，我们的方法将每个关系分解成SO（3）基于基于组的旋转操作员和三维（3-D）欧几里德空间中的缩放操作员。这种设计原理导致我们的方法的几个优点：（1）对于复合关系，相应的对角线关系矩阵可以是非换向的，反映了现实世界应用中的主要情景; （2）我们的模型保留了关系运营和实体嵌入之间的自然互动; （3）缩放操作为实体的内在语义层次结构提供建模电力; （4）在参数大小和培训时间方面，以高计算效率实现致密的增强效果; （5）欧几里德空间中的建模实体而不是四元数空间，保持关系模式的直接几何解释。多个基准知识图上的实验结果表明，密集优于当前最先进的模型，以缺少链路预测，尤其是对复合关系。

知识图（kgs）在许多应用程序中越来越重要的基础架构，同时患有不完整问题。 KG完成任务（KGC）自动根据不完整的KG预测缺失的事实。但是，现有方法在现实情况下表现不佳。一方面，他们的性能将巨大的降解，而kg的稀疏性越来越大。另一方面，预测的推理过程是一个不可信的黑匣子。本文提出了一个稀疏kgc的新型可解释模型，将高阶推理组合到图形卷积网络中，即HOGRN。它不仅可以提高减轻信息不足问题的概括能力，而且还可以在保持模型的有效性和效率的同时提供可解释性。有两个主要组件无缝集成以进行关节优化。首先，高阶推理成分通过捕获关系之间的内源性相关性来学习高质量的关系表示。这可以反映逻辑规则，以证明更广泛的事实是合理的。其次，更新组件的实体利用无重量的图形卷积网络（GCN）有效地模拟具有可解释性的KG结构。与常规方法不同，我们在没有其他参数的情况下在关系空间中进行实体聚合和基于设计组成的注意。轻巧的设计使HOGRN更适合稀疏设置。为了进行评估，我们进行了广泛的实验 - HOGRN对几个稀疏KG的结果表现出了令人印象深刻的改善（平均为9％的MRR增益）。进一步的消融和案例研究证明了主要成分的有效性。我们的代码将在接受后发布。