人们利用小组讨论进行协作以解决复杂的任务，例如在项目会议或招聘面板中。通过这样做，他们参与了各种对话策略，他们试图相互说服最佳方法，并最终做出决定。在这项工作中，我们研究了检测是什么使某人改变主意的方法。为此，我们利用了最近介绍的数据集，其中包含有关解决任务的人协作的小组讨论。为了找出使某人改变主意的原因，我们结合了各种技术，例如神经文本分类和语言不足的变化点检测。对这些方法的评估表明，虽然任务并非微不足道，但最好的方法是使用与学习级别培训的语言感知模型。最后，我们研究了模型发展为改变主意的原因的线索。

Disagreements are frequently studied from the perspective of either detecting toxicity or analysing argument structure. We propose a framework of dispute tactics that unifies these two perspectives, as well as other dialogue acts which play a role in resolving disputes, such as asking questions and providing clarification. This framework includes a preferential ordering among rebuttal-type tactics, ranging from ad hominem attacks to refuting the central argument. Using this framework, we annotate 213 disagreements (3,865 utterances) from Wikipedia Talk pages. This allows us to investigate research questions around the tactics used in disagreements; for instance, we provide empirical validation of the approach to disagreement recommended by Wikipedia. We develop models for multilabel prediction of dispute tactics in an utterance, achieving the best performance with a transformer-based label powerset model. Adding an auxiliary task to incorporate the ordering of rebuttal tactics further yields a statistically significant increase. Finally, we show that these annotations can be used to provide useful additional signals to improve performance on the task of predicting escalation.

提高对话系统的用户体验通常需要密集的开发人员努力读取对话日志，运行统计分析，并激活系统缺点的相对重要性。本文介绍了一种自动分析对话日志的新方法，了解用户系统交互与总体对话质量之间的关系。与在话语级别质量预测上的事先工作不同，我们的方法了解每个互动的影响，没有话语级注释的整体用户评级，允许基于经验证据和低成本获得所得模型结论。我们的模型识别与Chatbot设置中的与整体对话质量有着强烈相关的交互。实验表明，我们模型的自动分析同意专家判决，使这项工作首先表明这种弱监督的话语级质量预测学习是高度可取的。

我们介绍了Sparrow，这是一个寻求信息的对话代理，与提示的语言模型基线相比，训练有素，更有帮助，正确和无害。我们使用从人类反馈中的强化学习来培训我们的模型，以帮助人类评估者判断代理人的行为。首先，为了使我们的代理人更有帮助和无害，我们将良好对话的要求分解为代理人应遵循的自然语言规则，并分别向评估者询问每个规则。我们证明，这种崩溃使我们能够收集对代理行为的更多针对性的人类判断，并允许更有效的规则条件奖励模型。其次，我们的代理商在收集对模型声明的偏好判决时提供了支持事实主张的来源的证据。对于事实问题，麻雀提供的证据支持了78％的时间。比基线比基线更享受麻雀，同时对人类的对抗性探测更具弹性，在探测时只有8％的时间违反了我们的规则。最后，我们进行了广泛的分析，表明尽管我们的模型学会遵守我们的规则，但它可以表现出分布偏见。

主题之间的转换是人类对话的自然组成部分。虽然已经在对话中研究了几十年来的主题过渡，但只有少数基于基础的研究，以调查主题过渡的微妙之处。因此，本研究注释了来自交换机语料库的215对话，并调查参与者和转弯/主题的主题转换，主题转换的多数，主题转换序列的变量如何相关。这项工作提出了对交换机语料库中的主题过渡的实证研究，然后在域内（ID）测试集的精度为83％的精度建模转换，10个Out-Domain}（OOD）测试集82％。设想，这项工作将有助于在开放域对话系统中模拟人类的像语如主题转换。

在多方对话中有效地发现发言者的情绪状态是设计人类类似的会话代理商的重要性。在谈话期间，扬声器的认知状态通常由于某些过去的话语而改变，这可能导致他们的情绪状态的翻转。因此，在对话期间发现扬声器情感翻转背后的原因（触发）对于解释个人话语的情感标签至关重要。在本文中，除了解决对话中的情感认可的任务（ERC），我们介绍了一种新的任务 - 情感 - 翻转推理（EFR），旨在识别过去的话语，这引发了一个人的情绪状态以在一定时间翻转。我们提出了一个掩蔽的存储器网络来解决前者和基于变换器的网络的后一种任务。为此，我们考虑融合的基准情感识别数据集，用于ERC任务的多方对话，并使用EFR的新地基标签增强它。与五个最先进的模型进行了广泛的比较，表明我们对两个任务的模型的表现。我们进一步提出了轶事证据和定性和定量误差分析，以支持与基线相比模型的优势。

关于人类阅读的研究长期以来一直记录在阅读行为表明特定于任务的效果，但是建立一个通用模型来预测人类在给定任务中将显示什么的通用模型。我们介绍了Neat，这是人类阅读中注意力分配的计算模型，基于人类阅读优化了一项任务中关注经济和成功之间的权衡。我们的模型是使用当代神经网络建模技术实施的，并对注意力分配的分配方式在不同任务中如何变化做出明确的测试预测。我们在一项针对阅读理解任务的两个版本的眼影研究中对此进行了测试，发现我们的模型成功说明了整个任务的阅读行为。因此，我们的工作提供了证据表明，任务效果可以建模为对任务需求的最佳适应。

情绪分析中最突出的任务是为文本分配情绪，并了解情绪如何在语言中表现出来。自然语言处理的一个重要观察结果是，即使没有明确提及情感名称，也可以通过单独参考事件来隐式传达情绪。在心理学中，被称为评估理论的情感理论类别旨在解释事件与情感之间的联系。评估可以被形式化为变量，通过他们认为相关的事件的人们的认知评估来衡量认知评估。其中包括评估事件是否是新颖的，如果该人认为自己负责，是否与自己的目标以及许多其他人保持一致。这样的评估解释了哪些情绪是基于事件开发的，例如，新颖的情况会引起惊喜或不确定后果的人可能引起恐惧。我们在文本中分析了评估理论对情绪分析的适用性，目的是理解注释者是否可以可靠地重建评估概念，如果可以通过文本分类器预测，以及评估概念是否有助于识别情感类别。为了实现这一目标，我们通过要求人们发短信描述触发特定情绪并披露其评估的事件来编译语料库。然后，我们要求读者重建文本中的情感和评估。这种设置使我们能够衡量是否可以纯粹从文本中恢复情绪和评估，并为判断模型的绩效指标提供人体基准。我们将文本分类方法与人类注释者的比较表明，两者都可以可靠地检测出具有相似性能的情绪和评估。我们进一步表明，评估概念改善了文本中情绪的分类。

了解用户对话中的毒性无疑是一个重要问题。正如在以前的工作中所说的那样，解决“隐秘”或隐含毒性案件特别困难，需要上下文。以前很少有研究已经分析了会话语境在人类感知或自动检测模型中的影响。我们深入探讨这两个方向。我们首先分析现有的上下文数据集，并得出结论，人类的毒性标记一般受到对话结构，极性和主题的影响。然后，我们建议通过引入（a）神经架构来将这些发现带入计算检测模型中，以了解会话结构的语境毒性检测，以及（b）可以帮助模拟语境毒性检测的数据增强策略。我们的结果表明了了解谈话结构的神经架构的令人鼓舞的潜力。我们还表明，这些模型可以从合成数据中受益，尤其是在社交媒体领域。

机器学习（ML）模型越来越多地用于在现实世界应用中做出关键决策，但它们也变得更加复杂，使它们更难理解。为此，已经提出了几种解释模型预测的技术。但是，从业人员努力利用解释，因为他们通常不知道该使用哪个，如何解释结果，并且可能没有足够的数据科学经验来获得解释。此外，大多数当前的作品都集中在生成一声解释上，并且不允许用户跟进并提出有关解释的细粒度问题，这可能会令人沮丧。在这项工作中，我们通过引入TalkTomodel：一个开放式对话系统来解决这些挑战，以了解机器学习模型。具体而言，TalkTomodel包括三个关键组成部分：1）用于参与对话的自然语言接口，使理解高度访问的ML模型，2）适应任何表格模型和数据集的对话引擎，解释自然语言，将其映射到适当的操作（例如，特征重要性解释，反事实说明，显示模型错误）并生成文本响应，3）执行组件运行操作并确保说明准确。我们对TalkTomodel进行了定量和人类的主题评估。我们发现该系统以高精度了解新颖数据集和模型上的用户问题，这表明了系统将其推广到新情况的能力。在人类评估中，有73％的医护人员（例如，医生和护士）同意他们将使用TalkTomodel对基线点击系统使用，而84.6％的ML研究生同意TalkTomodel更容易使用。

尽管神经网络表现出具有非凡的语言内容的非凡能力，但捕获与说话者对话角色有关的上下文信息是一个开放的研究领域。在这项工作中，我们通过黑手党的游戏分析了说话者角色对语言使用的影响，其中参与者被分配了诚实或欺骗性的角色。除了构建一个框架以收集黑手党游戏记录数据集外，我们还证明了角色不同的玩家所产生的语言差异。我们确认，分类模型能够将欺骗性玩家排名为仅根据语言的使用而对诚实的玩家排名更可疑。此外，我们表明，有关两个辅助任务的培训模型优于基于BERT的标准文本分类方法。我们还提出了使用训练有素的模型来识别区分玩家角色的功能的方法，这些功能可在黑手党游戏中用于帮助玩家。

There has been a recent resurgence in the area of explainable artificial intelligence as researchers and practitioners seek to make their algorithms more understandable. Much of this research is focused on explicitly explaining decisions or actions to a human observer, and it should not be controversial to say that looking at how humans explain to each other can serve as a useful starting point for explanation in artificial intelligence. However, it is fair to say that most work in explainable artificial intelligence uses only the researchers' intuition of what constitutes a 'good' explanation. There exists vast and valuable bodies of research in philosophy, psychology, and cognitive science of how people define, generate, select, evaluate, and present explanations, which argues that people employ certain cognitive biases and social expectations towards the explanation process. This paper argues that the field of explainable artificial intelligence should build on this existing research, and reviews relevant papers from philosophy, cognitive psychology/science, and social psychology, which study these topics. It draws out some important findings, and discusses ways that these can be infused with work on explainable artificial intelligence.

Incivility remains a major challenge for online discussion platforms, to such an extent that even conversations between well-intentioned users can often derail into uncivil behavior. Traditionally, platforms have relied on moderators to -- with or without algorithmic assistance -- take corrective actions such as removing comments or banning users. In this work we propose a complementary paradigm that directly empowers users by proactively enhancing their awareness about existing tension in the conversation they are engaging in and actively guides them as they are drafting their replies to avoid further escalation. As a proof of concept for this paradigm, we design an algorithmic tool that provides such proactive information directly to users, and conduct a user study in a popular discussion platform. Through a mixed methods approach combining surveys with a randomized controlled experiment, we uncover qualitative and quantitative insights regarding how the participants utilize and react to this information. Most participants report finding this proactive paradigm valuable, noting that it helps them to identify tension that they may have otherwise missed and prompts them to further reflect on their own replies and to revise them. These effects are corroborated by a comparison of how the participants draft their reply when our tool warns them that their conversation is at risk of derailing into uncivil behavior versus in a control condition where the tool is disabled. These preliminary findings highlight the potential of this user-centered paradigm and point to concrete directions for future implementations.

Training dialogue systems often entails dealing with noisy training examples and unexpected user inputs. Despite their prevalence, there currently lacks an accurate survey of dialogue noise, nor is there a clear sense of the impact of each noise type on task performance. This paper addresses this gap by first constructing a taxonomy of noise encountered by dialogue systems. In addition, we run a series of experiments to show how different models behave when subjected to varying levels of noise and types of noise. Our results reveal that models are quite robust to label errors commonly tackled by existing denoising algorithms, but that performance suffers from dialogue-specific noise. Driven by these observations, we design a data cleaning algorithm specialized for conversational settings and apply it as a proof-of-concept for targeted dialogue denoising.

Any organization needs to improve their products, services, and processes. In this context, engaging with customers and understanding their journey is essential. Organizations have leveraged various techniques and technologies to support customer engagement, from call centres to chatbots and virtual agents. Recently, these systems have used Machine Learning (ML) and Natural Language Processing (NLP) to analyze large volumes of customer feedback and engagement data. The goal is to understand customers in context and provide meaningful answers across various channels. Despite multiple advances in Conversational Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Recommender Systems (RS), it is still challenging to understand the intent behind customer questions during the customer journey. To address this challenge, in this paper, we study and analyze the recent work in Conversational Recommender Systems (CRS) in general and, more specifically, in chatbot-based CRS. We introduce a pipeline to contextualize the input utterances in conversations. We then take the next step towards leveraging reverse feature engineering to link the contextualized input and learning model to support intent recognition. Since performance evaluation is achieved based on different ML models, we use transformer base models to evaluate the proposed approach using a labelled dialogue dataset (MSDialogue) of question-answering interactions between information seekers and answer providers.

Millions of people participate in online peer-to-peer support sessions, yet there has been little prior research on systematic psychology-based evaluations of fine-grained peer-counselor behavior in relation to client satisfaction. This paper seeks to bridge this gap by mapping peer-counselor chat-messages to motivational interviewing (MI) techniques. We annotate 14,797 utterances from 734 chat conversations using 17 MI techniques and introduce four new interviewing codes such as chit-chat and inappropriate to account for the unique conversational patterns observed on online platforms. We automate the process of labeling peer-counselor responses to MI techniques by fine-tuning large domain-specific language models and then use these automated measures to investigate the behavior of the peer counselors via correlational studies. Specifically, we study the impact of MI techniques on the conversation ratings to investigate the techniques that predict clients' satisfaction with their counseling sessions. When counselors use techniques such as reflection and affirmation, clients are more satisfied. Examining volunteer counselors' change in usage of techniques suggest that counselors learn to use more introduction and open questions as they gain experience. This work provides a deeper understanding of the use of motivational interviewing techniques on peer-to-peer counselor platforms and sheds light on how to build better training programs for volunteer counselors on online platforms.

注释数据是用于培训和评估机器学习模型的自然语言处理中的重要成分。因此，注释具有高质量是非常理想的。但是，最近的工作表明，几个流行的数据集包含令人惊讶的注释错误或不一致之处。为了减轻此问题，多年来已经设计了许多注释错误检测方法。尽管研究人员表明他们的方法在新介绍的数据集上效果很好，但他们很少将其方法与以前的工作或同一数据集进行比较。这引起了人们对方法的一般表现的强烈关注，并且使他们的优势和劣势很难解决。因此，我们重新实现18种检测潜在注释错误的方法，并在9个英语数据集上对其进行评估，以进行文本分类以及令牌和跨度标签。此外，我们定义了统一的评估设置，包括注释错误检测任务，评估协议和一般最佳实践的新形式化。为了促进未来的研究和可重复性，我们将数据集和实施释放到易于使用和开源软件包中。

Long-range context modeling is crucial to both dialogue understanding and generation. The most popular method for dialogue context representation is to concatenate the last-$k$ previous utterances. However, this method may not be ideal for conversations containing long-range dependencies. In this work, we propose DialoGX, a novel encoder-decoder based framework for conversational response generation with a generalized and explainable context representation that can look beyond the last-$k$ utterances. Hence the method is adaptive to conversations with long-range dependencies. The main idea of our approach is to identify and utilize the most relevant historical utterances instead of the last-$k$ utterances in chronological order. We study the effectiveness of our proposed method on both dialogue generation (open-domain) and understanding (DST) tasks. DialoGX achieves comparable performance with the state-of-the-art models on DailyDialog dataset. We also observe performance gain in existing DST models with our proposed context representation strategy on MultiWOZ dataset. We justify our context representation through the lens of psycholinguistics and show that the relevance score of previous utterances agrees well with human cognition which makes DialoGX explainable as well.

尽管最近在机器学习用于自然语言处理的机器学习方面，但自然语言推论（NLI）问题仍然是挑战。为此目的，我们贡献了一个新的数据集，专注于事实现象;但是，我们的任务与其他NLI任务保持相同，即引起的征集，矛盾或中性（ECN）。 DataSet在波兰语中包含完全自然语言话语，收集2,432个动词补充对和309个独特的动词。 DataSet基于国家波兰语（NKJP）的国家语料库，是主要动词频率和其他语言特征的代表性样本（例如，内部否定的发生）。我们发现，基于变压器的基于判决的模型获得了相对良好的结果（$ \ \左右89 \％$ F1得分）。尽管使用语言特征实现了更好的结果（$ \大约91 \％$ F1得分），但这种模型需要更多人工劳动力（循环中的人类），因为专家语言学家手动制备特征。基于BERT的模型仅消耗输入句子表明，它们捕获了NLI / Factivity的大部分复杂性。现象中的复杂病例 - 例如具有权利（e）和非致命动词的案件 - 仍然是进一步研究的开放问题。

从对话数据中提取信息特别具有挑战性，因为以任务为中心的对话的性质可以有效地传达人类隐式信息，但对机器来说是具有挑战性的。话语之间的挑战可能会有所不同，具体取决于说话者在对话中的作用，尤其是当相关专业知识跨角色不对称时。此外，随着对话中隐含地传达的信息构建更多的共享环境，挑战也可能会增加。在本文中，我们提出了新颖的建模方法MedFilter，该方法解决了这些见解，以提高识别和分类与任务相关的话语时的性能，并在这样做时对下游信息提取任务的性能产生积极影响。我们在近7,000次医生对话的语料库上评估了这种方法，其中使用MedFilter来识别与讨论的医学相关贡献（在PR曲线下的面积方面，比SOTA基线提高了10％的贡献）。确定与任务相关的话语受益于下游医疗处理，在提取症状，药物和投诉的提取方面分别提高了15％，105％和23％。