In recent years, benefiting from the expressive power of Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs), significant breakthroughs have been made in face clustering area. However, rare attention has been paid to GCN-based clustering on imbalanced data. Although imbalance problem has been extensively studied, the impact of imbalanced data on GCN- based linkage prediction task is quite different, which would cause problems in two aspects: imbalanced linkage labels and biased graph representations. The former is similar to that in classic image classification task, but the latter is a particular problem in GCN-based clustering via linkage prediction. Significantly biased graph representations in training can cause catastrophic over-fitting of a GCN model. To tackle these challenges, we propose a linkage-based doubly imbalanced graph learning framework for face clustering. In this framework, we evaluate the feasibility of those existing methods for imbalanced image classification problem on GCNs, and present a new method to alleviate the imbalanced labels and also augment graph representations using a Reverse-Imbalance Weighted Sampling (RIWS) strategy. With the RIWS strategy, probability-based class balancing weights could ensure the overall distribution of positive and negative samples; in addition, weighted random sampling provides diverse subgraph structures, which effectively alleviates the over-fitting problem and improves the representation ability of GCNs. Extensive experiments on series of imbalanced benchmark datasets synthesized from MS-Celeb-1M and DeepFashion demonstrate the effectiveness and generality of our proposed method. Our implementation and the synthesized datasets will be openly available on https://github.com/espectre/GCNs_on_imbalanced_datasets.

近年来，图形神经网络（GNNS）已实现了节点分类的最新性能。但是，大多数现有的GNN会遭受图形不平衡问题。在许多实际情况下，节点类都是不平衡的，其中一些多数类构成了图的大部分部分。 GNN中的消息传播机制将进一步扩大这些多数类的主导地位，从而导致次级分类性能。在这项工作中，我们试图通过生成少数族裔类实例来平衡培训数据，从而扩展了以前的基于过度采样的技术来解决这个问题。此任务是不平凡的，因为这些技术的设计是实例是独立的。忽视关系信息会使此过采样过程变得复杂。此外，节点分类任务通常仅使用少数标记的节点进行半监督设置，从而为少数族裔实例的产生提供了不足的监督。生成的低质量新节点会损害训练有素的分类器。在这项工作中，我们通过在构造的嵌入空间中综合新节点来解决这些困难，该节点编码节点属性和拓扑信息。此外，对边缘生成器进行同时训练，以建模图结构并为新样品提供关系。为了进一步提高数据效率，我们还探索合成的混合``中间''节点在此过度采样过程中利用多数类的节点。对现实世界数据集的实验验证了我们提出的框架的有效性。

图形神经网络（GNN）在学习强大的节点表示中显示了令人信服的性能，这些表现在保留节点属性和图形结构信息的强大节点表示中。然而，许多GNNS在设计有更深的网络结构或手柄大小的图形时遇到有效性和效率的问题。已经提出了几种采样算法来改善和加速GNN的培训，但他们忽略了解GNN性能增益的来源。图表数据中的信息的测量可以帮助采样算法来保持高价值信息，同时消除冗余信息甚至噪声。在本文中，我们提出了一种用于GNN的公制引导（MEGUIDE）子图学习框架。 MEGUIDE采用两种新颖的度量：功能平滑和连接失效距离，以指导子图采样和迷你批次的培训。功能平滑度专为分析节点的特征而才能保留最有价值的信息，而连接失败距离可以测量结构信息以控制子图的大小。我们展示了MEGUIDE在多个数据集上培训各种GNN的有效性和效率。

Graph serves as a powerful tool for modeling data that has an underlying structure in non-Euclidean space, by encoding relations as edges and entities as nodes. Despite developments in learning from graph-structured data over the years, one obstacle persists: graph imbalance. Although several attempts have been made to target this problem, they are limited to considering only class-level imbalance. In this work, we argue that for graphs, the imbalance is likely to exist at the sub-class topology group level. Due to the flexibility of topology structures, graphs could be highly diverse, and learning a generalizable classification boundary would be difficult. Therefore, several majority topology groups may dominate the learning process, rendering others under-represented. To address this problem, we propose a new framework {\method} and design (1 a topology extractor, which automatically identifies the topology group for each instance with explicit memory cells, (2 a training modulator, which modulates the learning process of the target GNN model to prevent the case of topology-group-wise under-representation. {\method} can be used as a key component in GNN models to improve their performances under the data imbalance setting. Analyses on both topology-level imbalance and the proposed {\method} are provided theoretically, and we empirically verify its effectiveness with both node-level and graph-level classification as the target tasks.

疾病预测是医学应用中的知名分类问题。 GCNS提供了一个强大的工具，用于分析患者相对于彼此的特征。这可以通过将问题建模作为图形节点分类任务来实现，其中每个节点是患者。由于这种医学数据集的性质，类别不平衡是疾病预测领域的普遍存在问题，其中类的分布是歪曲的。当数据中存在类别不平衡时，现有的基于图形的分类器倾向于偏向于主要类别并忽略小类中的样本。另一方面，所有患者中罕见阳性病例的正确诊断在医疗保健系统中至关重要。在传统方法中，通过将适当的权重分配给丢失函数中的类别来解决这种不平衡，这仍然依赖于对异常值敏感的权重的相对值，并且在某些情况下偏向于小类（ES）。在本文中，我们提出了一种重加权的对抗性图形卷积网络（RA-GCN），以防止基于图形的分类器强调任何特定类的样本。这是通过将基于图形的神经网络与每个类相关联来完成的，这负责加权类样本并改变分类器的每个样本的重要性。因此，分类器自身调节并确定类之间的边界，更加关注重要样本。分类器和加权网络的参数受到侵犯方法训练。我们在合成和三个公共医疗数据集上显示实验。与最近的方法相比，ra-gcn展示了与最近的方法在所有三个数据集上识别患者状态的方法相比。详细分析作为合成数据集的定量和定性实验提供。

我们提出了一种称为分配 - 均衡损失的新损失功能，用于展示长尾类分布的多标签识别问题。与传统的单标分类问题相比，由于两个重要问题，多标签识别问题通常更具挑战性，即标签的共同发生以及负标签的主导地位（当被视为多个二进制分类问题时）。分配 - 平衡损失通过对标准二进制交叉熵丢失的两个关键修改来解决这些问题：1）重新平衡考虑标签共发生造成的影响的重量的新方法，以及2）负耐受规则化以减轻负标签的过度抑制。 Pascal VOC和Coco的实验表明，使用这种新损失功能训练的模型可实现现有方法的显着性能。代码和型号可在：https://github.com/wutong16/distributionbalancedloss。

由于其独立性与标签及其稳健性的独立性，自我监督的学习最近引起了很多关注。目前关于本主题的研究主要使用诸如图形结构的静态信息，但不能很好地捕获诸如边缘时间戳的动态信息。现实图形通常是动态的，这意味着节点之间的交互发生在特定时间。本文提出了一种自我监督的动态图形表示学习框架（DYSUBC），其定义了一个时间子图对比学学习任务，以同时学习动态图的结构和进化特征。具体地，首先提出了一种新的时间子图采样策略，其将动态图的每个节点作为中心节点提出，并使用邻域结构和边缘时间戳来采样相应的时间子图。然后根据在编码每个子图中的节点之后，根据中心节点上的邻域节点的影响设计子图表示功能。最后，定义了结构和时间对比损失，以最大化节点表示和时间子图表示之间的互信息。五个现实数据集的实验表明（1）DySubc比下游链路预测任务中的两个图形对比学习模型和四个动态图形表示学习模型更好地表现出更好的相关基线，（2）使用时间信息不能使用只有更有效的子图，还可以通过时间对比损失来学习更好的表示。

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have received remarkable success in link prediction (GNNLP) tasks. Existing efforts first predefine the subgraph for the whole dataset and then apply GNNs to encode edge representations by leveraging the neighborhood structure induced by the fixed subgraph. The prominence of GNNLP methods significantly relies on the adhoc subgraph. Since node connectivity in real-world graphs is complex, one shared subgraph is limited for all edges. Thus, the choices of subgraphs should be personalized to different edges. However, performing personalized subgraph selection is nontrivial since the potential selection space grows exponentially to the scale of edges. Besides, the inference edges are not available during training in link prediction scenarios, so the selection process needs to be inductive. To bridge the gap, we introduce a Personalized Subgraph Selector (PS2) as a plug-and-play framework to automatically, personally, and inductively identify optimal subgraphs for different edges when performing GNNLP. PS2 is instantiated as a bi-level optimization problem that can be efficiently solved differently. Coupling GNNLP models with PS2, we suggest a brand-new angle towards GNNLP training: by first identifying the optimal subgraphs for edges; and then focusing on training the inference model by using the sampled subgraphs. Comprehensive experiments endorse the effectiveness of our proposed method across various GNNLP backbones (GCN, GraphSage, NGCF, LightGCN, and SEAL) and diverse benchmarks (Planetoid, OGB, and Recommendation datasets). Our code is publicly available at \url{https://github.com/qiaoyu-tan/PS2}

节点分类是图神经网络中的重要任务，但是大多数现有研究都认为来自不同类别的样本是平衡的。但是，类不平衡问题是普遍的，可能会严重影响模型的性能。减少数据集对模型培训的不利影响对于改善模型的性能至关重要。因此，基于传统算法级别的方法来重建新的损失函数FD损失。首先，我们提出样品不种种量的距离，以根据分布过滤边缘样品和简单样品。然后，根据不抗测量距离定义了权重系数，并在损耗函数加权项中使用，以便损耗函数仅集中在有价值的样本上。与节点分类任务中的现有方法相比，几个基准的实验表明，我们的损耗函数可以有效地解决样品节点不平衡问题并将分类精度提高4％。

Link prediction is a crucial problem in graph-structured data. Due to the recent success of graph neural networks (GNNs), a variety of GNN-based models were proposed to tackle the link prediction task. Specifically, GNNs leverage the message passing paradigm to obtain node representation, which relies on link connectivity. However, in a link prediction task, links in the training set are always present while ones in the testing set are not yet formed, resulting in a discrepancy of the connectivity pattern and bias of the learned representation. It leads to a problem of dataset shift which degrades the model performance. In this paper, we first identify the dataset shift problem in the link prediction task and provide theoretical analyses on how existing link prediction methods are vulnerable to it. We then propose FakeEdge, a model-agnostic technique, to address the problem by mitigating the graph topological gap between training and testing sets. Extensive experiments demonstrate the applicability and superiority of FakeEdge on multiple datasets across various domains.

Data in vision domain often exhibit highly-skewed class distribution, i.e., most data belong to a few majority classes, while the minority classes only contain a scarce amount of instances. To mitigate this issue, contemporary classification methods based on deep convolutional neural network (CNN) typically follow classic strategies such as class re-sampling or cost-sensitive training. In this paper, we conduct extensive and systematic experiments to validate the effectiveness of these classic schemes for representation learning on class-imbalanced data. We further demonstrate that more discriminative deep representation can be learned by enforcing a deep network to maintain both intercluster and inter-class margins. This tighter constraint effectively reduces the class imbalance inherent in the local data neighborhood. We show that the margins can be easily deployed in standard deep learning framework through quintuplet instance sampling and the associated triple-header hinge loss. The representation learned by our approach, when combined with a simple k-nearest neighbor (kNN) algorithm, shows significant improvements over existing methods on both high-and low-level vision classification tasks that exhibit imbalanced class distribution.

In recent years, graph representation learning has achieved remarkable success while suffering from low-quality data problems. As a mature technology to improve data quality in computer vision, data augmentation has also attracted increasing attention in graph domain. For promoting the development of this emerging research direction, in this survey, we comprehensively review and summarize the existing graph data augmentation (GDAug) techniques. Specifically, we first summarize a variety of feasible taxonomies, and then classify existing GDAug studies based on fine-grained graph elements. Furthermore, for each type of GDAug technique, we formalize the general definition, discuss the technical details, and give schematic illustration. In addition, we also summarize common performance metrics and specific design metrics for constructing a GDAug evaluation system. Finally, we summarize the applications of GDAug from both data and model levels, as well as future directions.

节点分类在各种图形挖掘任务中至关重要。在实践中，实际图通常遵循长尾分布，其中大量类仅由有限的标记节点组成。尽管图神经网络（GNN）在节点分类方面取得了显着改善，但在这种情况下，它们的性能大大降低。主要原因可以归因于由于元任务中不同节点/类分布引起的任务差异（即节点级别和类级别的方差）引起的任务差异，因此元素训练和元检验之间存在巨大的概括差距。因此，为了有效地减轻任务差异的影响，我们在少数弹出的学习设置下提出了一个任务自适应的节点分类框架。具体而言，我们首先在具有丰富标记节点的类中积累了元知识。然后，我们通过提出的任务自适应模块将这些知识转移到具有有限标记的节点的类别中。特别是，为了适应元任务之间的不同节点/类分布，我们建议三个基本模块以执行\ emph {node-level}，\ emph {class-level}和\ emph {task-emph {task-level}适应元任务分别。这样，我们的框架可以对不同的元任务进行适应，从而提高元测试任务上的模型概括性能。在四个普遍的节点分类数据集上进行了广泛的实验，证明了我们的框架优于最先进的基线。我们的代码可在https://github.com/songw-sw/tent上提供。

对比学习在图表学习领域表现出了巨大的希望。通过手动构建正/负样本，大多数图对比度学习方法依赖于基于矢量内部产品的相似性度量标准来区分图形表示样品。但是，手工制作的样品构建（例如，图表的节点或边缘的扰动）可能无法有效捕获图形的固有局部结构。同样，基于矢量内部产品的相似性度量标准无法完全利用图形的局部结构来表征图差。为此，在本文中，我们提出了一种基于自适应子图生成的新型对比度学习框架，以实现有效且强大的自我监督图表示学习，并且最佳传输距离被用作子绘图之间的相似性度量。它的目的是通过捕获图的固有结构来生成对比样品，并根据子图的特征和结构同时区分样品。具体而言，对于每个中心节点，通过自适应学习关系权重与相应邻域的节点，我们首先开发一个网络来生成插值子图。然后，我们分别构建来自相同和不同节点的子图的正和负对。最后，我们采用两种类型的最佳运输距离（即Wasserstein距离和Gromov-Wasserstein距离）来构建结构化的对比损失。基准数据集上的广泛节点分类实验验证了我们的图形对比学习方法的有效性。

Recent years witnessed the breakthrough of face recognition with deep convolutional neural networks. Dozens of papers in the field of FR are published every year. Some of them were applied in the industrial community and played an important role in human life such as device unlock, mobile payment, and so on. This paper provides an introduction to face recognition, including its history, pipeline, algorithms based on conventional manually designed features or deep learning, mainstream training, evaluation datasets, and related applications. We have analyzed and compared state-of-the-art works as many as possible, and also carefully designed a set of experiments to find the effect of backbone size and data distribution. This survey is a material of the tutorial named The Practical Face Recognition Technology in the Industrial World in the FG2023.

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have attracted increasing attention in recent years and have achieved excellent performance in semi-supervised node classification tasks. The success of most GNNs relies on one fundamental assumption, i.e., the original graph structure data is available. However, recent studies have shown that GNNs are vulnerable to the complex underlying structure of the graph, making it necessary to learn comprehensive and robust graph structures for downstream tasks, rather than relying only on the raw graph structure. In light of this, we seek to learn optimal graph structures for downstream tasks and propose a novel framework for semi-supervised classification. Specifically, based on the structural context information of graph and node representations, we encode the complex interactions in semantics and generate semantic graphs to preserve the global structure. Moreover, we develop a novel multi-measure attention layer to optimize the similarity rather than prescribing it a priori, so that the similarity can be adaptively evaluated by integrating measures. These graphs are fused and optimized together with GNN towards semi-supervised classification objective. Extensive experiments and ablation studies on six real-world datasets clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed model and the contribution of each component.

图形神经网络（GNNS）在学习图表表示中取得了前所未有的成功，以识别图形的分类标签。然而，GNN的大多数现有图形分类问题遵循平衡数据拆分协议，这与许多真实情景中的许多实际方案都有比其他类别更少的标签。在这种不平衡情况下直接培训GNN可能导致少数群体类别中的图形的无色表达，并损害下游分类的整体性能，这意味着开发有效GNN处理不平衡图分类的重要性。现有方法是针对非图形结构数据量身定制的，或专为不平衡节点分类而设计，而少数关注不平衡图分类。为此，我们介绍了一个新颖的框架，图形图形 - 图形神经网络（G $ ^ 2 $ GNN），通过从邻近图和本地从图形本身来源地通过全局导出额外的监督来减轻图形不平衡问题。在全球范围内，我们基于内核相似性构建图表（GOG）的图表，并执行GOG传播以聚合相邻图形表示，其最初通过通过GNN编码器汇集的节点级传播而获得。在本地，我们通过掩模节点或丢弃边缘采用拓扑增强，以改善辨别说明书测试图的拓扑结构中的模型概括性。在七个基准数据集中进行的广泛图形分类实验证明了我们提出的G $ ^ $ ^ 2 $ GNN优于F1-Macro和F1-Micro Scores的大约5 \％的大量基线。 G $ ^ 2 $ GNN的实现可用于\ href {https://github.com/yuwvandy/g2gnn} {https://github.com/yuwvandy/g2gnn}。

Inferring missing links or detecting spurious ones based on observed graphs, known as link prediction, is a long-standing challenge in graph data analysis. With the recent advances in deep learning, graph neural networks have been used for link prediction and have achieved state-of-the-art performance. Nevertheless, existing methods developed for this purpose are typically discriminative, computing features of local subgraphs around two neighboring nodes and predicting potential links between them from the perspective of subgraph classification. In this formalism, the selection of enclosing subgraphs and heuristic structural features for subgraph classification significantly affects the performance of the methods. To overcome this limitation, this paper proposes a novel and radically different link prediction algorithm based on the network reconstruction theory, called GraphLP. Instead of sampling positive and negative links and heuristically computing the features of their enclosing subgraphs, GraphLP utilizes the feature learning ability of deep-learning models to automatically extract the structural patterns of graphs for link prediction under the assumption that real-world graphs are not locally isolated. Moreover, GraphLP explores high-order connectivity patterns to utilize the hierarchical organizational structures of graphs for link prediction. Our experimental results on all common benchmark datasets from different applications demonstrate that the proposed method consistently outperforms other state-of-the-art methods. Unlike the discriminative neural network models used for link prediction, GraphLP is generative, which provides a new paradigm for neural-network-based link prediction.

图表表示学习是一种快速增长的领域，其中一个主要目标是在低维空间中产生有意义的图形表示。已经成功地应用了学习的嵌入式来执行各种预测任务，例如链路预测，节点分类，群集和可视化。图表社区的集体努力提供了数百种方法，但在所有评估指标下没有单一方法擅长，例如预测准确性，运行时间，可扩展性等。该调查旨在通过考虑算法来评估嵌入方法的所有主要类别的图表变体，参数选择，可伸缩性，硬件和软件平台，下游ML任务和多样化数据集。我们使用包含手动特征工程，矩阵分解，浅神经网络和深图卷积网络的分类法组织了图形嵌入技术。我们使用广泛使用的基准图表评估了节点分类，链路预测，群集和可视化任务的这些类别算法。我们在Pytorch几何和DGL库上设计了我们的实验，并在不同的多核CPU和GPU平台上运行实验。我们严格地审查了各种性能指标下嵌入方法的性能，并总结了结果。因此，本文可以作为比较指南，以帮助用户选择最适合其任务的方法。

社交机器人被称为社交网络上的自动帐户，这些帐户试图像人类一样行事。尽管图形神经网络（GNNS）已大量应用于社会机器人检测领域，但大量的领域专业知识和先验知识大量参与了最先进的方法，以设计专门的神经网络体系结构，以设计特定的神经网络体系结构。分类任务。但是，在模型设计中涉及超大的节点和网络层，通常会导致过度平滑的问题和缺乏嵌入歧视。在本文中，我们提出了罗斯加斯（Rosgas），这是一种新颖的加强和自我监督的GNN Architecture搜索框架，以适应性地指出了最合适的多跳跃社区和GNN体系结构中的层数。更具体地说，我们将社交机器人检测问题视为以用户为中心的子图嵌入和分类任务。我们利用异构信息网络来通过利用帐户元数据，关系，行为特征和内容功能来展示用户连接。 Rosgas使用多代理的深钢筋学习（RL）机制来导航最佳邻域和网络层的搜索，以分别学习每个目标用户的子图嵌入。开发了一种用于加速RL训练过程的最接近的邻居机制，Rosgas可以借助自我监督的学习来学习更多的判别子图。 5个Twitter数据集的实验表明，Rosgas在准确性，训练效率和稳定性方面优于最先进的方法，并且在处理看不见的样本时具有更好的概括。