Pedestrian detection in the wild remains a challenging problem especially when the scene contains significant occlusion and/or low resolution of the pedestrians to be detected. Existing methods are unable to adapt to these difficult cases while maintaining acceptable performance. In this paper we propose a novel feature learning model, referred to as CircleNet, to achieve feature adaptation by mimicking the process humans looking at low resolution and occluded objects: focusing on it again, at a finer scale, if the object can not be identified clearly for the first time. CircleNet is implemented as a set of feature pyramids and uses weight sharing path augmentation for better feature fusion. It targets at reciprocating feature adaptation and iterative object detection using multiple top-down and bottom-up pathways. To take full advantage of the feature adaptation capability in CircleNet, we design an instance decomposition training strategy to focus on detecting pedestrian instances of various resolutions and different occlusion levels in each cycle. Specifically, CircleNet implements feature ensemble with the idea of hard negative boosting in an end-to-end manner. Experiments on two pedestrian detection datasets, Caltech and CityPersons, show that CircleNet improves the performance of occluded and low-resolution pedestrians with significant margins while maintaining good performance on normal instances.
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Pedestrian detection in the wild remains a challenging problem especially for scenes containing serious occlusion. In this paper, we propose a novel feature learning method in the deep learning framework, referred to as Feature Calibration Network (FC-Net), to adaptively detect pedestrians under various occlusions. FC-Net is based on the observation that the visible parts of pedestrians are selective and decisive for detection, and is implemented as a self-paced feature learning framework with a self-activation (SA) module and a feature calibration (FC) module. In a new self-activated manner, FC-Net learns features which highlight the visible parts and suppress the occluded parts of pedestrians. The SA module estimates pedestrian activation maps by reusing classifier weights, without any additional parameter involved, therefore resulting in an extremely parsimony model to reinforce the semantics of features, while the FC module calibrates the convolutional features for adaptive pedestrian representation in both pixel-wise and region-based ways. Experiments on CityPersons and Caltech datasets demonstrate that FC-Net improves detection performance on occluded pedestrians up to 10% while maintaining excellent performance on non-occluded instances.
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Due to object detection's close relationship with video analysis and image understanding, it has attracted much research attention in recent years. Traditional object detection methods are built on handcrafted features and shallow trainable architectures. Their performance easily stagnates by constructing complex ensembles which combine multiple low-level image features with high-level context from object detectors and scene classifiers. With the rapid development in deep learning, more powerful tools, which are able to learn semantic, high-level, deeper features, are introduced to address the problems existing in traditional architectures. These models behave differently in network architecture, training strategy and optimization function, etc. In this paper, we provide a review on deep learning based object detection frameworks. Our review begins with a brief introduction on the history of deep learning and its representative tool, namely Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Then we focus on typical generic object detection architectures along with some modifications and useful tricks to improve detection performance further. As distinct specific detection tasks exhibit different characteristics, we also briefly survey several specific tasks, including salient object detection, face detection and pedestrian detection. Experimental analyses are also provided to compare various methods and draw some meaningful conclusions. Finally, several promising directions and tasks are provided to serve as guidelines for future work in both object detection and relevant neural network based learning systems.
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随着深度卷积神经网络的兴起,对象检测在过去几年中取得了突出的进步。但是,这种繁荣无法掩盖小物体检测(SOD)的不令人满意的情况,这是计算机视觉中臭名昭著的挑战性任务之一,这是由于视觉外观不佳和由小目标的内在结构引起的嘈杂表示。此外,用于基准小对象检测方法基准测试的大规模数据集仍然是瓶颈。在本文中,我们首先对小物体检测进行了详尽的审查。然后,为了催化SOD的发展,我们分别构建了两个大规模的小物体检测数据集(SODA),SODA-D和SODA-A,分别集中在驾驶和空中场景上。 SODA-D包括24704个高质量的交通图像和277596个9个类别的实例。对于苏打水,我们收集2510个高分辨率航空图像,并在9个类别上注释800203实例。众所周知,拟议的数据集是有史以来首次尝试使用针对多类SOD量身定制的大量注释实例进行大规模基准测试。最后,我们评估主流方法在苏打水上的性能。我们预计发布的基准可以促进SOD的发展,并产生该领域的更多突破。数据集和代码将很快在:\ url {https://shaunyuan22.github.io/soda}上。
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行人检测的典型方法侧重于在拥挤的行人之间进行处理,或处理各种行人的各种鳞片。用大量外观多样性检测不同的行人剪影,不同观点或不同的敷料等行人仍然是一个至关重要的挑战。除了大多数现有方法,我们建议使用与学习特征空间中不同外观之间的行人之间的语义距离的方式进行对比学习以引导特征学习,以引导对比学习以引导特征学习。外观多样性,而行人和背景之间的距离最大化。为了促进对比学习的效率和有效性,我们构建具有代表性行人外观的示例性词典作为先验知识,以构建有效的对比训练对并因此引导对比学习。此外,通过测量提议与示例性词典之间的语义距离,进一步利用构建的示例性词典以评估推理期间的行人提案的质量。对白天和夜间行人检测的广泛实验验证了该方法的有效性。
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两阶段探测器在物体检测和行人检测中是最新的。但是,当前的两个阶段探测器效率低下,因为它们在多个步骤中进行边界回归,即在区域提案网络和边界框头中进行回归。此外,基于锚的区域提案网络在计算上的训练价格很高。我们提出了F2DNET,这是一种新型的两阶段检测体系结构,通过使用我们的焦点检测网络和边界框以我们的快速抑制头替换区域建议网络,从而消除了当前两阶段检测器的冗余。我们在顶级行人检测数据集上进行基准F2DNET,将其与现有的最新检测器进行彻底比较,并进行交叉数据集评估,以测试我们模型对未见数据的普遍性。我们的F2DNET在城市人员,加州理工学院行人和欧元城市人数据集中分别获得8.7 \%,2.2 \%和6.1 \%MR-2,分别在单个数据集上进行培训并达到20.4 \%\%\%和26.2 \%MR-2。使用渐进式微调时,加州理工学院行人和城市人员数据集的重型闭塞设置。此外,与当前的最新时间相比,F2DNET的推理时间明显较小。代码和训练有素的模型将在https://github.com/abdulhannankhan/f2dnet上找到。
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Single-frame InfraRed Small Target (SIRST) detection has been a challenging task due to a lack of inherent characteristics, imprecise bounding box regression, a scarcity of real-world datasets, and sensitive localization evaluation. In this paper, we propose a comprehensive solution to these challenges. First, we find that the existing anchor-free label assignment method is prone to mislabeling small targets as background, leading to their omission by detectors. To overcome this issue, we propose an all-scale pseudo-box-based label assignment scheme that relaxes the constraints on scale and decouples the spatial assignment from the size of the ground-truth target. Second, motivated by the structured prior of feature pyramids, we introduce the one-stage cascade refinement network (OSCAR), which uses the high-level head as soft proposals for the low-level refinement head. This allows OSCAR to process the same target in a cascade coarse-to-fine manner. Finally, we present a new research benchmark for infrared small target detection, consisting of the SIRST-V2 dataset of real-world, high-resolution single-frame targets, the normalized contrast evaluation metric, and the DeepInfrared toolkit for detection. We conduct extensive ablation studies to evaluate the components of OSCAR and compare its performance to state-of-the-art model-driven and data-driven methods on the SIRST-V2 benchmark. Our results demonstrate that a top-down cascade refinement framework can improve the accuracy of infrared small target detection without sacrificing efficiency. The DeepInfrared toolkit, dataset, and trained models are available at https://github.com/YimianDai/open-deepinfrared to advance further research in this field.
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物体检测通常需要在现代深度学习方法中基于传统或锚盒的滑动窗口分类器。但是,这些方法中的任何一个都需要框中的繁琐配置。在本文中,我们提供了一种新的透视图,其中检测对象被激励为高电平语义特征检测任务。与边缘,角落,斑点和其他特征探测器一样,所提出的探测器扫描到全部图像的特征点,卷积自然适合该特征点。但是,与这些传统的低级功能不同,所提出的探测器用于更高级别的抽象,即我们正在寻找有物体的中心点,而现代深层模型已经能够具有如此高级别的语义抽象。除了Blob检测之外,我们还预测了中心点的尺度,这也是直接的卷积。因此,在本文中,通过卷积简化了行人和面部检测作为直接的中心和规模预测任务。这样,所提出的方法享有一个无盒设置。虽然结构简单,但它对几个具有挑战性的基准呈现竞争准确性,包括行人检测和面部检测。此外,执行交叉数据集评估,证明所提出的方法的卓越泛化能力。可以访问代码和模型(https://github.com/liuwei16/csp和https://github.com/hasanirtiza/pedestron)。
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In object detection, the intersection over union (IoU) threshold is frequently used to define positives/negatives. The threshold used to train a detector defines its quality. While the commonly used threshold of 0.5 leads to noisy (low-quality) detections, detection performance frequently degrades for larger thresholds. This paradox of high-quality detection has two causes: 1) overfitting, due to vanishing positive samples for large thresholds, and 2) inference-time quality mismatch between detector and test hypotheses. A multi-stage object detection architecture, the Cascade R-CNN, composed of a sequence of detectors trained with increasing IoU thresholds, is proposed to address these problems. The detectors are trained sequentially, using the output of a detector as training set for the next. This resampling progressively improves hypotheses quality, guaranteeing a positive training set of equivalent size for all detectors and minimizing overfitting. The same cascade is applied at inference, to eliminate quality mismatches between hypotheses and detectors. An implementation of the Cascade R-CNN without bells or whistles achieves state-of-the-art performance on the COCO dataset, and significantly improves high-quality detection on generic and specific object detection datasets, including VOC, KITTI, CityPerson, and WiderFace. Finally, the Cascade R-CNN is generalized to instance segmentation, with nontrivial improvements over the Mask R-CNN. To facilitate future research, two implementations are made available at https://github.com/zhaoweicai/cascade-rcnn (Caffe) and https://github.com/zhaoweicai/Detectron-Cascade-RCNN (Detectron).
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近年来,基于深度学习的面部检测算法取得了长足的进步。这些算法通常可以分为两类,即诸如更快的R-CNN和像Yolo这样的单阶段检测器之类的两个阶段检测器。由于准确性和速度之间的平衡更好,因此在许多应用中广泛使用了一阶段探测器。在本文中,我们提出了一个基于一阶段检测器Yolov5的实时面部检测器,名为Yolo-Facev2。我们设计一个称为RFE的接收场增强模块,以增强小面的接受场,并使用NWD损失来弥补IOU对微小物体的位置偏差的敏感性。对于面部阻塞,我们提出了一个名为Seam的注意模块,并引入了排斥损失以解决它。此外,我们使用重量函数幻灯片来解决简单和硬样品之间的不平衡,并使用有效的接收场的信息来设计锚。宽面数据集上的实验结果表明,在所有简单,中和硬子集中都可以找到我们的面部检测器及其变体的表现及其变体。源代码https://github.com/krasjet-yu/yolo-facev2
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面部检测是为了在图像中搜索面部的所有可能区域,并且如果有任何情况,则定位面部。包括面部识别,面部表情识别,面部跟踪和头部姿势估计的许多应用假设面部的位置和尺寸在图像中是已知的。近几十年来,研究人员从Viola-Jones脸上检测器创造了许多典型和有效的面部探测器到当前的基于CNN的CNN。然而,随着图像和视频的巨大增加,具有面部刻度的变化,外观,表达,遮挡和姿势,传统的面部探测器被挑战来检测野外面孔的各种“脸部。深度学习技术的出现带来了非凡的检测突破,以及计算的价格相当大的价格。本文介绍了代表性的深度学习的方法,并在准确性和效率方面提出了深度和全面的分析。我们进一步比较并讨论了流行的并挑战数据集及其评估指标。进行了几种成功的基于深度学习的面部探测器的全面比较,以使用两个度量来揭示其效率:拖鞋和延迟。本文可以指导为不同应用选择合适的面部探测器,也可以开发更高效和准确的探测器。
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本文提出了平行残留的双融合特征金字塔网络(PRB-FPN),以快速准确地单光对象检测。特征金字塔(FP)在最近的视觉检测中被广泛使用,但是由于汇总转换,FP的自上而下的途径无法保留准确的定位。随着使用更多层的更深骨干,FP的优势被削弱了。此外,它不能同时准确地检测到小物体。为了解决这些问题,我们提出了一种新的并行FP结构,具有双向(自上而下和自下而上)的融合以及相关的改进,以保留高质量的特征以进行准确定位。我们提供以下设计改进:(1)具有自下而上的融合模块(BFM)的平行分歧FP结构,以高精度立即检测小物体和大对象。 (2)串联和重组(CORE)模块为特征融合提供了自下而上的途径,该途径导致双向融合FP,可以从低层特征图中恢复丢失的信息。 (3)进一步纯化核心功能以保留更丰富的上下文信息。自上而下和自下而上的途径中的这种核心净化只能在几次迭代中完成。 (4)将残留设计添加到核心中,导致了一个新的重核模块,该模块可以轻松训练和集成,并具有更深入或更轻的骨架。所提出的网络可在UAVDT17和MS COCO数据集上实现最新性能。代码可在https://github.com/pingyang1117/prbnet_pytorch上找到。
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由于字体,大小,颜色和方向的各种文本变化,任意形状的场景文本检测是一项具有挑战性的任务。大多数现有基于回归的方法求助于回归文本区域的口罩或轮廓点以建模文本实例。但是,回归完整的口罩需要高训练的复杂性,并且轮廓点不足以捕获高度弯曲的文本的细节。为了解决上述限制,我们提出了一个名为TextDCT的新颖的轻巧锚文本检测框架,该框架采用离散的余弦变换(DCT)将文本掩码编码为紧凑型向量。此外,考虑到金字塔层中训练样本不平衡的数量,我们仅采用单层头来进行自上而下的预测。为了建模单层头部的多尺度文本,我们通过将缩水文本区域视为正样本,并通过融合来介绍一个新颖的积极抽样策略,并通过融合来设计特征意识模块(FAM),以实现空间意识和规模的意识丰富的上下文信息并关注更重要的功能。此外,我们提出了一种分割的非量最大抑制(S-NMS)方法,该方法可以过滤低质量的掩模回归。在四个具有挑战性的数据集上进行了广泛的实验,这表明我们的TextDCT在准确性和效率上都获得了竞争性能。具体而言,TextDCT分别以每秒17.2帧(FPS)和F-measure的F-MEASIE达到85.1,而CTW1500和Total-Text数据集的F-Measure 84.9分别为15.1 fps。
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遥感图像中的实例分段的任务,旨在在实例级别执行对象的每像素标记,对于各种民用应用非常重要。尽管以前的成功,但大多数现有的实例分割方法设计用于自然图像时,可以在直接应用于顶视图遥感图像时遇到清晰的性能下降。通过仔细分析,我们观察到由于严重的规模变化,低对比度和聚类分布,挑战主要来自歧视性对象特征。为了解决这些问题,提出了一种新颖的上下文聚合网络(CATNET)来改善特征提取过程。所提出的模型利用了三个轻量级的即插即用模块,即密度特征金字塔网络(Densfpn),空间上下文金字塔(SCP)和兴趣提取器(Hroie)的分层区域,以聚合在功能,空间和的全局视觉上下文实例域分别。 DenseFPN是一种多尺度特征传播模块,通过采用级别的残差连接,交叉级密度连接和具有重新加权策略来建立更灵活的信息流。利用注意力机制,SCP进一步通过将全局空间上下文聚合到当地区域来增强特征。对于每个实例,Hroie自适应地为不同的下游任务生成ROI功能。我们对挑战ISAID,DIOR,NWPU VHR-10和HRSID数据集进行了广泛的评估。评估结果表明,所提出的方法优于具有类似的计算成本的最先进。代码可在https://github.com/yeliudev/catnet上获得。
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基于无人机(UAV)基于无人机的视觉对象跟踪已实现了广泛的应用,并且由于其多功能性和有效性而引起了智能运输系统领域的越来越多的关注。作为深度学习革命性趋势的新兴力量,暹罗网络在基于无人机的对象跟踪中闪耀,其准确性,稳健性和速度有希望的平衡。由于开发了嵌入式处理器和深度神经网络的逐步优化,暹罗跟踪器获得了广泛的研究并实现了与无人机的初步组合。但是,由于无人机在板载计算资源和复杂的现实情况下,暹罗网络的空中跟踪仍然在许多方面都面临严重的障碍。为了进一步探索基于无人机的跟踪中暹罗网络的部署,这项工作对前沿暹罗跟踪器进行了全面的审查,以及使用典型的无人机板载处理器进行评估的详尽无人用分析。然后,进行板载测试以验证代表性暹罗跟踪器在现实世界无人机部署中的可行性和功效。此外,为了更好地促进跟踪社区的发展,这项工作分析了现有的暹罗跟踪器的局限性,并进行了以低弹片评估表示的其他实验。最后,深入讨论了基于无人机的智能运输系统的暹罗跟踪的前景。领先的暹罗跟踪器的统一框架,即代码库及其实验评估的结果,请访问https://github.com/vision4robotics/siamesetracking4uav。
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大多数最先进的实例级人类解析模型都采用了两阶段的基于锚的探测器,因此无法避免启发式锚盒设计和像素级别缺乏分析。为了解决这两个问题,我们设计了一个实例级人类解析网络,该网络在像素级别上无锚固且可解决。它由两个简单的子网络组成:一个用于边界框预测的无锚检测头和一个用于人体分割的边缘引导解析头。无锚探测器的头继承了像素样的优点,并有效地避免了对象检测应用中证明的超参数的敏感性。通过引入部分感知的边界线索,边缘引导的解析头能够将相邻的人类部分与彼此区分开,最多可在一个人类实例中,甚至重叠的实例。同时,利用了精炼的头部整合盒子级别的分数和部分分析质量,以提高解析结果的质量。在两个多个人类解析数据集(即CIHP和LV-MHP-V2.0)和一个视频实例级人类解析数据集(即VIP)上进行实验,表明我们的方法实现了超过全球级别和实例级别的性能最新的一阶段自上而下的替代方案。
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最近,融合了激光雷达点云和相机图像,提高了3D对象检测的性能和稳健性,因为这两种方式自然具有强烈的互补性。在本文中,我们通过引入新型级联双向融合〜(CB融合)模块和多模态一致性〜(MC)损耗来提出用于多模态3D对象检测的EPNet ++。更具体地说,所提出的CB融合模块提高点特征的丰富语义信息,以级联双向交互融合方式具有图像特征,导致更全面且辨别的特征表示。 MC损失明确保证预测分数之间的一致性,以获得更全面且可靠的置信度分数。基蒂,JRDB和Sun-RGBD数据集的实验结果展示了通过最先进的方法的EPNet ++的优越性。此外,我们强调一个关键但很容易被忽视的问题,这是探讨稀疏场景中的3D探测器的性能和鲁棒性。广泛的实验存在,EPNet ++优于现有的SOTA方法,在高稀疏点云壳中具有显着的边距,这可能是降低LIDAR传感器的昂贵成本的可用方向。代码将来会发布。
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近年来,自主驾驶LIDAR数据的3D对象检测一直在迈出卓越的进展。在最先进的方法中,已经证明了将点云进行编码为鸟瞰图(BEV)是有效且有效的。与透视图不同,BEV在物体之间保留丰富的空间和距离信息;虽然在BEV中相同类型的更远物体不会较小,但它们包含稀疏点云特征。这一事实使用共享卷积神经网络削弱了BEV特征提取。为了解决这一挑战,我们提出了范围感知注意网络(RAANET),提取更强大的BEV功能并产生卓越的3D对象检测。范围感知的注意力(RAA)卷曲显着改善了近距离的特征提取。此外,我们提出了一种新的辅助损耗,用于密度估计,以进一步增强覆盖物体的Raanet的检测精度。值得注意的是,我们提出的RAA卷积轻量级,并兼容,以集成到用于BEV检测的任何CNN架构中。 Nuscenes DataSet上的广泛实验表明,我们的提出方法优于基于LIDAR的3D对象检测的最先进的方法,具有16 Hz的实时推断速度,为LITE版本为22 Hz。该代码在匿名GitHub存储库HTTPS://github.com/Anonymous0522 / ange上公开提供。
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复杂的水下环境为物体检测带来了新的挑战,例如未平衡的光条件,低对比度,阻塞和水生生物的模仿。在这种情况下,水下相机捕获的物体将变得模糊,并且通用探测器通常会在这些模糊的物体上失败。这项工作旨在从两个角度解决问题:不确定性建模和艰难的例子采矿。我们提出了一个名为Boosting R-CNN的两阶段水下检测器,该检测器包括三个关键组件。首先,提出了一个名为RetinArpn的新区域建议网络,该网络提供了高质量的建议,并考虑了对象和IOU预测,以确定对象事先概率的不确定性。其次,引入了概率推理管道,以结合第一阶段的先验不确定性和第二阶段分类评分,以模拟最终检测分数。最后,我们提出了一种名为Boosting Reweighting的新的硬示例挖掘方法。具体而言,当区域提案网络误认为样品的对象的事先概率时,提高重新加权将在训练过程中增加R-CNN头部样品的分类损失,同时减少具有准确估计的先验的简易样品丢失。因此,可以在第二阶段获得强大的检测头。在推理阶段,R-CNN具有纠正第一阶段的误差以提高性能的能力。在两个水下数据集和两个通用对象检测数据集上进行的全面实验证明了我们方法的有效性和鲁棒性。
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Feature pyramids are a basic component in recognition systems for detecting objects at different scales. But recent deep learning object detectors have avoided pyramid representations, in part because they are compute and memory intensive. In this paper, we exploit the inherent multi-scale, pyramidal hierarchy of deep convolutional networks to construct feature pyramids with marginal extra cost. A topdown architecture with lateral connections is developed for building high-level semantic feature maps at all scales. This architecture, called a Feature Pyramid Network (FPN), shows significant improvement as a generic feature extractor in several applications. Using FPN in a basic Faster R-CNN system, our method achieves state-of-the-art singlemodel results on the COCO detection benchmark without bells and whistles, surpassing all existing single-model entries including those from the COCO 2016 challenge winners. In addition, our method can run at 6 FPS on a GPU and thus is a practical and accurate solution to multi-scale object detection. Code will be made publicly available.
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