In this paper, we present the Circular Accessible Depth (CAD), a robust traversability representation for an unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) to learn traversability in various scenarios containing irregular obstacles. To predict CAD, we propose a neural network, namely CADNet, with an attention-based multi-frame point cloud fusion module, Stability-Attention Module (SAM), to encode the spatial features from point clouds captured by LiDAR. CAD is designed based on the polar coordinate system and focuses on predicting the border of traversable area. Since it encodes the spatial information of the surrounding environment, which enables a semi-supervised learning for the CADNet, and thus desirably avoids annotating a large amount of data. Extensive experiments demonstrate that CAD outperforms baselines in terms of robustness and precision. We also implement our method on a real UGV and show that it performs well in real-world scenarios.
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准确的移动对象细分是自动驾驶的重要任务。它可以为许多下游任务提供有效的信息,例如避免碰撞,路径计划和静态地图构建。如何有效利用时空信息是3D激光雷达移动对象分割(LIDAR-MOS)的关键问题。在这项工作中,我们提出了一个新型的深神经网络,利用了时空信息和不同的LiDAR扫描表示方式,以提高LIDAR-MOS性能。具体而言,我们首先使用基于图像图像的双分支结构来分别处理可以从顺序的LiDAR扫描获得的空间和时间信息,然后使用运动引导的注意模块组合它们。我们还通过3D稀疏卷积使用点完善模块来融合LIDAR范围图像和点云表示的信息,并减少对象边界上的伪像。我们验证了我们提出的方法对Semantickitti的LiDAR-MOS基准的有效性。我们的方法在LiDar-Mos IOU方面大大优于最先进的方法。从设计的粗到精细体系结构中受益,我们的方法以传感器框架速率在线运行。我们方法的实现可作为开源可用:https://github.com/haomo-ai/motionseg3d。
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在鸟眼中学习强大的表现(BEV),以进行感知任务,这是趋势和吸引行业和学术界的广泛关注。大多数自动驾驶算法的常规方法在正面或透视视图中执行检测,细分,跟踪等。随着传感器配置变得越来越复杂,从不同的传感器中集成了多源信息,并在统一视图中代表功能至关重要。 BEV感知继承了几个优势,因为代表BEV中的周围场景是直观和融合友好的。对于BEV中的代表对象,对于随后的模块,如计划和/或控制是最可取的。 BEV感知的核心问题在于(a)如何通过从透视视图到BEV来通过视图转换来重建丢失的3D信息; (b)如何在BEV网格中获取地面真理注释; (c)如何制定管道以合并来自不同来源和视图的特征; (d)如何适应和概括算法作为传感器配置在不同情况下各不相同。在这项调查中,我们回顾了有关BEV感知的最新工作,并对不同解决方案进行了深入的分析。此外,还描述了该行业的BEV方法的几种系统设计。此外,我们推出了一套完整的实用指南,以提高BEV感知任务的性能,包括相机,激光雷达和融合输入。最后,我们指出了该领域的未来研究指示。我们希望该报告能阐明社区,并鼓励对BEV感知的更多研究。我们保留一个活跃的存储库来收集最新的工作,并在https://github.com/openperceptionx/bevperception-survey-recipe上提供一包技巧的工具箱。
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基于激光雷达的3D单一对象跟踪是机器人技术和自动驾驶中的一个具有挑战性的问题。当前,现有方法通常会遇到长距离对象通常具有非常稀疏或部分倾斜的点云的问题,这使得模型含糊不清。模棱两可的功能将很难找到目标对象,并最终导致不良跟踪结果。为了解决此问题,我们使用功能强大的变压器体系结构,并为基于点云的3D单一对象跟踪任务提出一个点轨转换器(PTT)模块。具体而言,PTT模块通过计算注意力重量来生成微调的注意力特征,该功能指导追踪器的重点关注目标的重要功能,并提高复杂场景中的跟踪能力。为了评估我们的PTT模块,我们将PTT嵌入主要方法中,并构建一个名为PTT-NET的新型3D SOT跟踪器。在PTT-NET中,我们分别将PTT嵌入了投票阶段和提案生成阶段。投票阶段中的PTT模块可以模拟点斑块之间的交互作用,该点贴片学习上下文依赖于上下文。同时,提案生成阶段中的PTT模块可以捕获对象和背景之间的上下文信息。我们在Kitti和Nuscenes数据集上评估了PTT-NET。实验结果证明了PTT模块的有效性和PTT-NET的优越性,PTT-NET的优势超过了基线,在CAR类别中〜10%。同时,我们的方法在稀疏场景中也具有显着的性能提高。通常,变压器和跟踪管道的组合使我们的PTT-NET能够在两个数据集上实现最先进的性能。此外,PTT-NET可以在NVIDIA 1080TI GPU上实时以40fps实时运行。我们的代码是为研究社区开源的,网址为https://github.com/shanjiayao/ptt。
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LIDAR传感器对于自动驾驶汽车和智能机器人的感知系统至关重要。为了满足现实世界应用程序中的实时要求,有必要有效地分割激光扫描。以前的大多数方法将3D点云直接投影到2D球形范围图像上,以便它们可以利用有效的2D卷积操作进行图像分割。尽管取得了令人鼓舞的结果,但在球形投影中,邻里信息尚未保存得很好。此外,在单个扫描分割任务中未考虑时间信息。为了解决这些问题,我们提出了一种新型的语义分割方法,用于元素rangeseg的激光雷达序列,其中引入了新的范围残差图像表示以捕获空间时间信息。具体而言,使用元内核来提取元特征,从而减少了2D范围图像坐标输入和3D笛卡尔坐标输出之间的不一致。有效的U-NET主链用于获得多尺度功能。此外,特征聚合模块(FAM)增强了范围通道的作用,并在不同级别上汇总特征。我们已经进行了广泛的实验,以评估semantickitti和semanticposs。有希望的结果表明,我们提出的元rangeseg方法比现有方法更有效。我们的完整实施可在https://github.com/songw-zju/meta-rangeseg上公开获得。
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从预期的观点(例如范围视图(RV)和Bird's-eye-view(BEV))进行了云云语义细分。不同的视图捕获了点云的不同信息,因此彼此互补。但是,最近基于投影的点云语义分割方法通常会利用一种香草后期的融合策略来预测不同观点,因此未能从表示学习过程中从几何学角度探索互补信息。在本文中,我们引入了一个几何流动网络(GFNET),以探索以融合方式对准不同视图之间的几何对应关系。具体而言,我们设计了一个新颖的几何流量模块(GFM),以双向对齐并根据端到端学习方案下的几何关系跨不同观点传播互补信息。我们对两个广泛使用的基准数据集(Semantickitti和Nuscenes)进行了广泛的实验,以证明我们的GFNET对基于项目的点云语义分割的有效性。具体而言,GFNET不仅显着提高了每个单独观点的性能,而且还可以在所有基于投影的模型中取得最新的结果。代码可在\ url {https://github.com/haibo-qiu/gfnet}中获得。
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以视觉为中心的BEV感知由于其固有的优点,最近受到行业和学术界的关注,包括展示世界自然代表和融合友好。随着深度学习的快速发展,已经提出了许多方法来解决以视觉为中心的BEV感知。但是,最近没有针对这个小说和不断发展的研究领域的调查。为了刺激其未来的研究,本文对以视觉为中心的BEV感知及其扩展进行了全面调查。它收集并组织了最近的知识,并对常用算法进行了系统的综述和摘要。它还为几项BEV感知任务提供了深入的分析和比较结果,从而促进了未来作品的比较并激发了未来的研究方向。此外,还讨论了经验实现细节并证明有利于相关算法的开发。
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3D object detection from LiDAR point cloud is a challenging problem in 3D scene understanding and has many practical applications. In this paper, we extend our preliminary work PointRCNN to a novel and strong point-cloud-based 3D object detection framework, the part-aware and aggregation neural network (Part-A 2 net). The whole framework consists of the part-aware stage and the part-aggregation stage. Firstly, the part-aware stage for the first time fully utilizes free-of-charge part supervisions derived from 3D ground-truth boxes to simultaneously predict high quality 3D proposals and accurate intra-object part locations. The predicted intra-object part locations within the same proposal are grouped by our new-designed RoI-aware point cloud pooling module, which results in an effective representation to encode the geometry-specific features of each 3D proposal. Then the part-aggregation stage learns to re-score the box and refine the box location by exploring the spatial relationship of the pooled intra-object part locations. Extensive experiments are conducted to demonstrate the performance improvements from each component of our proposed framework. Our Part-A 2 net outperforms all existing 3D detection methods and achieves new state-of-the-art on KITTI 3D object detection dataset by utilizing only the LiDAR point cloud data. Code is available at https://github.com/sshaoshuai/PointCloudDet3D.
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High-definition (HD) semantic map generation of the environment is an essential component of autonomous driving. Existing methods have achieved good performance in this task by fusing different sensor modalities, such as LiDAR and camera. However, current works are based on raw data or network feature-level fusion and only consider short-range HD map generation, limiting their deployment to realistic autonomous driving applications. In this paper, we focus on the task of building the HD maps in both short ranges, i.e., within 30 m, and also predicting long-range HD maps up to 90 m, which is required by downstream path planning and control tasks to improve the smoothness and safety of autonomous driving. To this end, we propose a novel network named SuperFusion, exploiting the fusion of LiDAR and camera data at multiple levels. We benchmark our SuperFusion on the nuScenes dataset and a self-recorded dataset and show that it outperforms the state-of-the-art baseline methods with large margins. Furthermore, we propose a new metric to evaluate the long-range HD map prediction and apply the generated HD map to a downstream path planning task. The results show that by using the long-range HD maps predicted by our method, we can make better path planning for autonomous vehicles. The code will be available at https://github.com/haomo-ai/SuperFusion.
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最近,融合了激光雷达点云和相机图像,提高了3D对象检测的性能和稳健性,因为这两种方式自然具有强烈的互补性。在本文中,我们通过引入新型级联双向融合〜(CB融合)模块和多模态一致性〜(MC)损耗来提出用于多模态3D对象检测的EPNet ++。更具体地说,所提出的CB融合模块提高点特征的丰富语义信息,以级联双向交互融合方式具有图像特征,导致更全面且辨别的特征表示。 MC损失明确保证预测分数之间的一致性,以获得更全面且可靠的置信度分数。基蒂,JRDB和Sun-RGBD数据集的实验结果展示了通过最先进的方法的EPNet ++的优越性。此外,我们强调一个关键但很容易被忽视的问题,这是探讨稀疏场景中的3D探测器的性能和鲁棒性。广泛的实验存在,EPNet ++优于现有的SOTA方法,在高稀疏点云壳中具有显着的边距,这可能是降低LIDAR传感器的昂贵成本的可用方向。代码将来会发布。
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我们提出了一种生成,预测和使用时空占用网格图(SOGM)的方法,该方法嵌入了真实动态场景的未来语义信息。我们提出了一个自动标记的过程,该过程从嘈杂的真实导航数据中创建SOGM。我们使用3D-2D馈电体系结构,经过训练,可以预测SOGM的未来时间步骤,并给定3D激光镜框架作为输入。我们的管道完全是自我监督的,从而为真正的机器人提供了终身学习。该网络由一个3D后端组成,该后端提取丰富的特征并实现了激光镜框架的语义分割,以及一个2D前端,可预测SOGM表示中嵌入的未来信息,从而有可能捕获房地产的复杂性和不确定性世界多代理,多未来的互动。我们还设计了一个导航系统,该导航系统在计划中使用这些预测的SOGM在计划中,之后它们已转变为时空风险图(SRMS)。我们验证导航系统在模拟中的能力,在真实的机器人上对其进行验证,在各种情况下对真实数据进行研究SOGM预测,并提供一种新型的室内3D LIDAR数据集,该数据集在我们的实验中收集,其中包括我们的自动注释。
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由于经过验证的2D检测技术的适用性,大多数当前点云检测器都广泛采用了鸟类视图(BEV)。但是,现有方法通过简单地沿高度尺寸折叠的体素或点特征来获得BEV特征,从而导致3D空间信息的重丢失。为了减轻信息丢失,我们提出了一个基于多级特征降低降低策略的新颖点云检测网络,称为MDRNET。在MDRNET中,空间感知的维度降低(SDR)旨在在体素至BEV特征转换过程中动态关注对象的宝贵部分。此外,提出了多级空间残差(MSR),以融合BEV特征图中的多级空间信息。关于Nuscenes的广泛实验表明,该提出的方法的表现优于最新方法。该代码将在出版时提供。
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移动对象检测和分割是自主驱动管道中的基本任务。检测和隔离车辆周围环境的静态和移动部件在路径规划和定位任务中特别关键。本文提出了一种新的实时架构,用于光检测和测距(LIDAR)数据的运动分割。我们在2D鸟瞰图(BEV)表示中使用两个连续扫描的LIDAR数据(BEV)表示,以将像素明智的分类执行为静态或移动。此外,我们提出了一种新的数据增强技术,以减少静态和移动物体之间的显着类别不平衡。我们通过用切割和粘贴静电车辆人工合成移动物体来实现这一点。我们在常用的汽车嵌入式平台上展示了​​8毫秒的低延迟,即Nvidia Jetson Xavier。据我们所知,这是第一个直接在Lidar Bev空间中执行运动细分的工作。我们为具有挑战性的Semantickitti数据集提供定量结果,HTTPS://youtu.be/2AJ-CL8B0LI提供定性结果。
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LiDAR-based 3D Object detectors have achieved impressive performances in many benchmarks, however, multisensors fusion-based techniques are promising to further improve the results. PointPainting, as a recently proposed framework, can add the semantic information from the 2D image into the 3D LiDAR point by the painting operation to boost the detection performance. However, due to the limited resolution of 2D feature maps, severe boundary-blurring effect happens during re-projection of 2D semantic segmentation into the 3D point clouds. To well handle this limitation, a general multimodal fusion framework MSF has been proposed to fuse the semantic information from both the 2D image and 3D points scene parsing results. Specifically, MSF includes three main modules. First, SOTA off-the-shelf 2D/3D semantic segmentation approaches are employed to generate the parsing results for 2D images and 3D point clouds. The 2D semantic information is further re-projected into the 3D point clouds with calibrated parameters. To handle the misalignment between the 2D and 3D parsing results, an AAF module is proposed to fuse them by learning an adaptive fusion score. Then the point cloud with the fused semantic label is sent to the following 3D object detectors. Furthermore, we propose a DFF module to aggregate deep features in different levels to boost the final detection performance. The effectiveness of the framework has been verified on two public large-scale 3D object detection benchmarks by comparing with different baselines. The experimental results show that the proposed fusion strategies can significantly improve the detection performance compared to the methods using only point clouds and the methods using only 2D semantic information. Most importantly, the proposed approach significantly outperforms other approaches and sets new SOTA results on the nuScenes testing benchmark.
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Point cloud learning has lately attracted increasing attention due to its wide applications in many areas, such as computer vision, autonomous driving, and robotics. As a dominating technique in AI, deep learning has been successfully used to solve various 2D vision problems. However, deep learning on point clouds is still in its infancy due to the unique challenges faced by the processing of point clouds with deep neural networks. Recently, deep learning on point clouds has become even thriving, with numerous methods being proposed to address different problems in this area. To stimulate future research, this paper presents a comprehensive review of recent progress in deep learning methods for point clouds. It covers three major tasks, including 3D shape classification, 3D object detection and tracking, and 3D point cloud segmentation. It also presents comparative results on several publicly available datasets, together with insightful observations and inspiring future research directions.
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In this paper, we address semantic segmentation of road-objects from 3D LiDAR point clouds. In particular, we wish to detect and categorize instances of interest, such as cars, pedestrians and cyclists. We formulate this problem as a pointwise classification problem, and propose an end-to-end pipeline called SqueezeSeg based on convolutional neural networks (CNN): the CNN takes a transformed LiDAR point cloud as input and directly outputs a point-wise label map, which is then refined by a conditional random field (CRF) implemented as a recurrent layer. Instance-level labels are then obtained by conventional clustering algorithms. Our CNN model is trained on LiDAR point clouds from the KITTI [1] dataset, and our point-wise segmentation labels are derived from 3D bounding boxes from KITTI. To obtain extra training data, we built a LiDAR simulator into Grand Theft Auto V (GTA-V), a popular video game, to synthesize large amounts of realistic training data. Our experiments show that SqueezeSeg achieves high accuracy with astonishingly fast and stable runtime (8.7 ± 0.5 ms per frame), highly desirable for autonomous driving applications. Furthermore, additionally training on synthesized data boosts validation accuracy on real-world data. Our source code and synthesized data will be open-sourced.
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近年来,由于深度学习技术的发展,LiDar Point Clouds的3D对象检测取得了长足的进步。尽管基于体素或基于点的方法在3D对象检测中很受欢迎,但它们通常涉及耗时的操作,例如有关体素的3D卷积或点之间的球查询,从而使所得网络不适合时间关键应用程序。另一方面,基于2D视图的方法具有较高的计算效率,而通常比基于体素或基于点的方法获得的性能低。在这项工作中,我们提出了一个基于实时视图的单阶段3D对象检测器,即CVFNET完成此任务。为了在苛刻的效率条件下加强跨视图的学习,我们的框架提取了不同视图的特征,并以有效的渐进式方式融合了它们。我们首先提出了一个新颖的点范围特征融合模块,该模块在多个阶段深入整合点和范围视图特征。然后,当将所获得的深点视图转换为鸟类视图时,特殊的切片柱旨在很好地维护3D几何形状。为了更好地平衡样品比率,提出了一个稀疏的柱子检测头,将检测集中在非空网上。我们对流行的Kitti和Nuscenes基准进行了实验,并以准确性和速度来实现最先进的性能。
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Accurate localization ability is fundamental in autonomous driving. Traditional visual localization frameworks approach the semantic map-matching problem with geometric models, which rely on complex parameter tuning and thus hinder large-scale deployment. In this paper, we propose BEV-Locator: an end-to-end visual semantic localization neural network using multi-view camera images. Specifically, a visual BEV (Birds-Eye-View) encoder extracts and flattens the multi-view images into BEV space. While the semantic map features are structurally embedded as map queries sequence. Then a cross-model transformer associates the BEV features and semantic map queries. The localization information of ego-car is recursively queried out by cross-attention modules. Finally, the ego pose can be inferred by decoding the transformer outputs. We evaluate the proposed method in large-scale nuScenes and Qcraft datasets. The experimental results show that the BEV-locator is capable to estimate the vehicle poses under versatile scenarios, which effectively associates the cross-model information from multi-view images and global semantic maps. The experiments report satisfactory accuracy with mean absolute errors of 0.052m, 0.135m and 0.251$^\circ$ in lateral, longitudinal translation and heading angle degree.
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我们呈现PIFENET,一种高效准确的实时3D探测器,用于点云的行人检测。我们解决了在检测行人时遇到的3D对象检测框架的两个挑战:Partion云中的柱特征的表达力量和小型行人的小占领区。首先,我们引入了一个可堆叠的柱子感知注意力(PAA)模块,用于增强的柱子特征提取,同时抑制点云中的噪声。通过将多点感知池,点亮,通道和任务感知注意与到一个简单的模块集成到一个简单的模块,在需要几乎额外的计算资源的同时提高表示功能。我们还存在Mini-Bifpn,一个小而有效的特征网络,创建双向信息流和多级串尺度特征融合,以更好地集成多分辨率功能。我们的方法在Kitti Peistrian Bev和3D排行榜中排名第一,同时以每秒26帧(FPS)运行,并在Nuscenes检测基准上实现最先进的性能。
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随着LIDAR传感器在自动驾驶中的流行率,3D对象跟踪受到了越来越多的关注。在点云序列中,3D对象跟踪旨在预测给定对象模板中连续帧中对象的位置和方向。在变压器成功的驱动下,我们提出了点跟踪变压器(PTTR),它有效地预测了高质量的3D跟踪,借助变压器操作,以粗到1的方式导致。 PTTR由三个新型设计组成。 1)我们设计的关系意识采样代替随机抽样,以在亚采样过程中保留与给定模板相关的点。 2)我们提出了一个点关系变压器,以进行有效的特征聚合和模板和搜索区域之间的特征匹配。 3)基于粗糙跟踪结果,我们采用了一个新颖的预测改进模块,通过局部特征池获得最终的完善预测。此外,以捕获对象运动的鸟眼视图(BEV)的有利特性(BEV)的良好属性,我们进一步设计了一个名为PTTR ++的更高级的框架,该框架既包含了点的视图和BEV表示)产生高质量跟踪结果的影响。 PTTR ++实质上提高了PTTR顶部的跟踪性能,并具有低计算开销。多个数据集的广泛实验表明,我们提出的方法达到了卓越的3D跟踪准确性和效率。
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