Ever since the first microscope by Zacharias Janssen in the late 16th century, scientists have been inventing new types of microscopes for various tasks. Inventing a novel architecture demands years, if not decades, worth of scientific experience and creativity. In this work, we introduce Differentiable Microscopy ($\partial\mu$), a deep learning-based design paradigm, to aid scientists design new interpretable microscope architectures. Differentiable microscopy first models a common physics-based optical system however with trainable optical elements at key locations on the optical path. Using pre-acquired data, we then train the model end-to-end for a task of interest. The learnt design proposal can then be simplified by interpreting the learnt optical elements. As a first demonstration, based on the optical 4-$f$ system, we present an all-optical quantitative phase microscope (QPM) design that requires no computational post-reconstruction. A follow-up literature survey suggested that the learnt architecture is similar to the generalized phase contrast method developed two decades ago. Our extensive experiments on multiple datasets that include biological samples show that our learnt all-optical QPM designs consistently outperform existing methods. We experimentally verify the functionality of the optical 4-$f$ system based QPM design using a spatial light modulator. Furthermore, we also demonstrate that similar results can be achieved by an uninterpretable learning based method, namely diffractive deep neural networks (D2NN). The proposed differentiable microscopy framework supplements the creative process of designing new optical systems and would perhaps lead to unconventional but better optical designs.
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计算光学成像(COI)系统利用其设置中的光学编码元素(CE)在单个或多个快照中编码高维场景,并使用计算算法对其进行解码。 COI系统的性能很大程度上取决于其主要组件的设计:CE模式和用于执行给定任务的计算方法。常规方法依赖于随机模式或分析设计来设置CE的分布。但是,深神经网络(DNNS)的可用数据和算法功能已在CE数据驱动的设计中开辟了新的地平线,该设计共同考虑了光学编码器和计算解码器。具体而言,通过通过完全可区分的图像形成模型对COI测量进行建模,该模型考虑了基于物理的光及其与CES的相互作用,可以在端到端优化定义CE和计算解码器的参数和计算解码器(e2e)方式。此外,通过在同一框架中仅优化CE,可以从纯光学器件中执行推理任务。这项工作调查了CE数据驱动设计的最新进展,并提供了有关如何参数化不同光学元素以将其包括在E2E框架中的指南。由于E2E框架可以通过更改损耗功能和DNN来处理不同的推理应用程序,因此我们提出低级任务,例如光谱成像重建或高级任务,例如使用基于任务的光学光学体系结构来增强隐私的姿势估计,以维护姿势估算。最后,我们说明了使用全镜DNN以光速执行的分类和3D对象识别应用程序。
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在许多图像处理任务中,深度学习方法的成功,最近还将深度学习方法引入了阶段检索问题。这些方法与传统的迭代优化方法不同,因为它们通常只需要一个强度测量,并且可以实时重建相位图像。但是,由于巨大的领域差异,这些方法给出的重建图像的质量仍然有很大的改进空间来满足一般应用要求。在本文中,我们设计了一种新型的深神经网络结构,名为Sisprnet,以基于单个傅立叶强度测量值进行相检索。为了有效利用测量的光谱信息,我们建议使用多层感知器(MLP)作为前端提出一个新的特征提取单元。它允许将输入强度图像的所有像素一起考虑,以探索其全局表示。 MLP的大小经过精心设计,以促进代表性特征的提取,同时减少噪音和异常值。辍学层还可以减轻训练MLP的过度拟合问题。为了促进重建图像中的全局相关性,将自我注意力的机制引入了提议的Sisprnet的上采样和重建(UR)块。这些UR块被插入残留的学习结构中,以防止由于其复杂的层结构而导致的较弱的信息流和消失的梯度问题。使用线性相关幅度和相位的仅相位图像和图像的不同测试数据集对所提出的模型进行了广泛的评估。在光学实验平台上进行了实验,以了解在实用环境中工作时不同深度学习方法的性能。
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Multispectral imaging has been used for numerous applications in e.g., environmental monitoring, aerospace, defense, and biomedicine. Here, we present a diffractive optical network-based multispectral imaging system trained using deep learning to create a virtual spectral filter array at the output image field-of-view. This diffractive multispectral imager performs spatially-coherent imaging over a large spectrum, and at the same time, routes a pre-determined set of spectral channels onto an array of pixels at the output plane, converting a monochrome focal plane array or image sensor into a multispectral imaging device without any spectral filters or image recovery algorithms. Furthermore, the spectral responsivity of this diffractive multispectral imager is not sensitive to input polarization states. Through numerical simulations, we present different diffractive network designs that achieve snapshot multispectral imaging with 4, 9 and 16 unique spectral bands within the visible spectrum, based on passive spatially-structured diffractive surfaces, with a compact design that axially spans ~72 times the mean wavelength of the spectral band of interest. Moreover, we experimentally demonstrate a diffractive multispectral imager based on a 3D-printed diffractive network that creates at its output image plane a spatially-repeating virtual spectral filter array with 2x2=4 unique bands at terahertz spectrum. Due to their compact form factor and computation-free, power-efficient and polarization-insensitive forward operation, diffractive multispectral imagers can be transformative for various imaging and sensing applications and be used at different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum where high-density and wide-area multispectral pixel arrays are not widely available.
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数字全息图是一种3D成像技术,它通过向物体发射激光束并测量衍射波形的强度,称为全息图。对象的3D形状可以通过对捕获的全息图的数值分析并恢复发生的相位来获得。最近,深度学习(DL)方法已被用于更准确的全息处理。但是,大多数监督方法都需要大型数据集来训练该模型,由于样本或隐私问题的缺乏,大多数DH应用程序都很少获得。存在一些基于DL的恢复方法,不依赖配对图像的大数据集。尽管如此,这些方法中的大多数经常忽略控制波传播的基本物理法。这些方法提供了一个黑盒操作,无法解释,可以推广和转移到其他样本和应用程序。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种基于生成对抗网络的新DL体系结构,该架构使用判别网络来实现重建质量的语义度量,同时使用生成网络作为函数近似器来建模全息图的倒数。我们使用模拟退火驱动的渐进式掩蔽模块将恢复图像的背景部分强加于回收图像的背景部分,以增强重建质量。所提出的方法是一种表现出高传递性对类似样品的可传递性的方法之一,该方法促进了其在时间敏感应用程序中的快速部署,而无需重新培训网络。结果表明,重建质量(约5 dB PSNR增益)和噪声的鲁棒性(PSNR与噪声增加率降低约50%)的竞争者方法有了显着改善。
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We present a novel single-shot interferometric ToF camera targeted for precise 3D measurements of dynamic objects. The camera concept is based on Synthetic Wavelength Interferometry, a technique that allows retrieval of depth maps of objects with optically rough surfaces at submillimeter depth precision. In contrast to conventional ToF cameras, our device uses only off-the-shelf CCD/CMOS detectors and works at their native chip resolution (as of today, theoretically up to 20 Mp and beyond). Moreover, we can obtain a full 3D model of the object in single-shot, meaning that no temporal sequence of exposures or temporal illumination modulation (such as amplitude or frequency modulation) is necessary, which makes our camera robust against object motion. In this paper, we introduce the novel camera concept and show first measurements that demonstrate the capabilities of our system. We present 3D measurements of small (cm-sized) objects with > 2 Mp point cloud resolution (the resolution of our used detector) and up to sub-mm depth precision. We also report a "single-shot 3D video" acquisition and a first single-shot "Non-Line-of-Sight" measurement. Our technique has great potential for high-precision applications with dynamic object movement, e.g., in AR/VR, industrial inspection, medical imaging, and imaging through scattering media like fog or human tissue.
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相位检索(PR)是从其仅限强度测量中恢复复杂值信号的长期挑战,由于其在数字成像中的广泛应用,引起了很大的关注。最近,开发了基于深度学习的方法,这些方法在单发PR中取得了成功。这些方法需要单个傅立叶强度测量,而无需对测量数据施加任何其他约束。然而,由于PR问题的输入和输出域之间存在很大的差异,香草深神经网络(DNN)并没有提供良好的性能。物理信息的方法试图将傅立叶强度测量结果纳入提高重建精度的迭代方法。但是,它需要一个冗长的计算过程,并且仍然无法保证准确性。此外,其中许多方法都在模拟数据上工作,这些数据忽略了一些常见问题,例如实用光学PR系统中的饱和度和量化错误。在本文中,提出了一种新型的物理驱动的多尺度DNN结构,称为PPRNET。与其他基于深度学习的PR方法类似,PPRNET仅需要一个傅立叶强度测量。物理驱动的是,网络被指导遵循不同尺度的傅立叶强度测量,以提高重建精度。 PPRNET具有前馈结构,可以端到端训练。因此,它比传统物理驱动的PR方法更快,更准确。进行了实用光学平台上的大量模拟和实验。结果证明了拟议的PPRNET比传统的基于基于学习的PR方法的优势和实用性。
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置换矩阵构成了一个重要的计算构建块,这些构建块在各个领域中经常使用,例如通信,信息安全和数据处理。具有相对较大数量的基于功率,快速和紧凑型平台的输入输出互连的置换运算符的光学实现是非常可取的。在这里,我们提出了通过深度学习设计的衍射光学网络,以全面执行置换操作,可以使用被动的传播层在输入和视场之间扩展到数十万个互连,这些互连是在波长规模上单独构造的。 。我们的发现表明,衍射光网络在近似给定置换操作中的容量与系统中衍射层和可训练的传输元件的数量成正比。这种更深的衍射网络设计可以在系统的物理对齐和输出衍射效率方面构成实际挑战。我们通过设计不对对准的衍射设计来解决这些挑战,这些设计可以全面执行任意选择的置换操作,并首次在实验中证明了在频谱的THZ部分运行的衍射排列网络。衍射排列网络可能会在例如安全性,图像加密和数据处理以及电信中找到各种应用程序;尤其是在无线通信中的载波频率接近THZ波段的情况下,提出的衍射置换网络可以潜在地充当无线网络中的通道路由和互连面板。
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光学系统的可区分模拟可以与基于深度学习的重建网络结合使用,以通过端到端(E2E)优化光学编码器和深度解码器来实现高性能计算成像。这使成像应用程序(例如3D定位显微镜,深度估计和无透镜摄影)通过优化局部光学编码器。更具挑战性的计算成像应用,例如将3D卷压入单个2D图像的3D快照显微镜,需要高度非本地光学编码器。我们表明,现有的深网解码器具有局部性偏差,可防止这种高度非本地光学编码器的优化。我们使用全球内核傅里叶卷积神经网络(Fouriernets)基于浅神经网络体系结构的解码器来解决此问题。我们表明,在高度非本地分散镜头光学编码器捕获的照片中,傅立叶网络超过了现有的基于网络的解码器。此外,我们表明傅里叶可以对3D快照显微镜的高度非本地光学编码器进行E2E优化。通过将傅立叶网和大规模多GPU可区分的光学模拟相结合,我们能够优化非本地光学编码器170 $ \ times $ \ times $ tos 7372 $ \ times $ \ times $ \ times $比以前的最新状态,并证明了ROI的潜力-type特定的光学编码使用可编程显微镜。
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Lensless cameras are a class of imaging devices that shrink the physical dimensions to the very close vicinity of the image sensor by replacing conventional compound lenses with integrated flat optics and computational algorithms. Here we report a diffractive lensless camera with spatially-coded Voronoi-Fresnel phase to achieve superior image quality. We propose a design principle of maximizing the acquired information in optics to facilitate the computational reconstruction. By introducing an easy-to-optimize Fourier domain metric, Modulation Transfer Function volume (MTFv), which is related to the Strehl ratio, we devise an optimization framework to guide the optimization of the diffractive optical element. The resulting Voronoi-Fresnel phase features an irregular array of quasi-Centroidal Voronoi cells containing a base first-order Fresnel phase function. We demonstrate and verify the imaging performance for photography applications with a prototype Voronoi-Fresnel lensless camera on a 1.6-megapixel image sensor in various illumination conditions. Results show that the proposed design outperforms existing lensless cameras, and could benefit the development of compact imaging systems that work in extreme physical conditions.
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光学成像通常用于行业和学术界的科学和技术应用。在图像传感中,通过数字化图像的计算分析来执行一个测量,例如对象的位置。新兴的图像感应范例通过设计光学组件来执行不进行成像而是编码,从而打破了数据收集和分析之间的描述。通过将图像光学地编码为适合有效分析后的压缩,低维的潜在空间,这些图像传感器可以以更少的像素和更少的光子来工作,从而可以允许更高的直通量,较低的延迟操作。光学神经网络(ONNS)提供了一个平台,用于处理模拟,光学域中的数据。然而,基于ONN的传感器仅限于线性处理,但是非线性是深度的先决条件,而多层NNS在许多任务上的表现都大大优于浅色。在这里,我们使用商业图像增强器作为平行光电子,光学到光学非线性激活函数,实现用于图像传感的多层预处理器。我们证明,非线性ONN前处理器可以达到高达800:1的压缩率,同时仍然可以在几个代表性的计算机视觉任务中高精度,包括机器视觉基准测试,流程度图像分类以及对对象中对象的识别,场景。在所有情况下,我们都会发现ONN的非线性和深度使其能够胜过纯线性ONN编码器。尽管我们的实验专门用于ONN传感器的光线图像,但替代ONN平台应促进一系列ONN传感器。这些ONN传感器可能通过在空间,时间和/或光谱尺寸中预处处理的光学信息来超越常规传感器,并可能具有相干和量子质量,所有这些都在光学域中。
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A unidirectional imager would only permit image formation along one direction, from an input field-of-view (FOV) A to an output FOV B, and in the reverse path, the image formation would be blocked. Here, we report the first demonstration of unidirectional imagers, presenting polarization-insensitive and broadband unidirectional imaging based on successive diffractive layers that are linear and isotropic. These diffractive layers are optimized using deep learning and consist of hundreds of thousands of diffractive phase features, which collectively modulate the incoming fields and project an intensity image of the input onto an output FOV, while blocking the image formation in the reverse direction. After their deep learning-based training, the resulting diffractive layers are fabricated to form a unidirectional imager. As a reciprocal device, the diffractive unidirectional imager has asymmetric mode processing capabilities in the forward and backward directions, where the optical modes from B to A are selectively guided/scattered to miss the output FOV, whereas for the forward direction such modal losses are minimized, yielding an ideal imaging system between the input and output FOVs. Although trained using monochromatic illumination, the diffractive unidirectional imager maintains its functionality over a large spectral band and works under broadband illumination. We experimentally validated this unidirectional imager using terahertz radiation, very well matching our numerical results. Using the same deep learning-based design strategy, we also created a wavelength-selective unidirectional imager, where two unidirectional imaging operations, in reverse directions, are multiplexed through different illumination wavelengths. Diffractive unidirectional imaging using structured materials will have numerous applications in e.g., security, defense, telecommunications and privacy protection.
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强度衍射断层扫描(IDT)是指用于从一组仅2D强度测量的样品成像样品的3D折射率(RI)分布的一类光学显微镜技术。由于相位信息的丢失和缺失的锥体问题,无伪影RI地图的重建是IDT的一个基本挑战。神经领域(NF)最近成为一种新的深度学习方法(DL),用于学习物理领域的连续表示。 NF使用基于坐标的神经网络来表示该场,通过将空间坐标映射到相应的物理量,在我们的情况下,复杂价值的折射率值。我们将DEPAF作为第一种基于NF的IDT方法,可以从仅强度和有限角度的测量值中学习RI体积的高质量连续表示。 DECAF中的表示形式是通过使用IDT向前模型直接从测试样品的测量值中学到的,而无需任何地面真相图。我们对模拟和实验生物学样品进行定性和定量评估DECAF。我们的结果表明,DECAF可以生成高对比度和无伪影RI图,并导致MSE超过现有方法的2.1倍。
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Control of light through a microscope objective with a high numerical aperture is a common requirement in applications such as optogenetics, adaptive optics, or laser processing. Light propagation, including polarization effects, can be described under these conditions using the Debye-Wolf diffraction integral. Here, we take advantage of differentiable optimization and machine learning for efficiently optimizing the Debye-Wolf integral for such applications. For light shaping we show that this optimization approach is suitable for engineering arbitrary three-dimensional point spread functions in a two-photon microscope. For differentiable model-based adaptive optics (DAO), the developed method can find aberration corrections with intrinsic image features, for example neurons labeled with genetically encoded calcium indicators, without requiring guide stars. Using computational modeling we further discuss the range of spatial frequencies and magnitudes of aberrations which can be corrected with this approach.
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Spatially varying spectral modulation can be implemented using a liquid crystal spatial light modulator (SLM) since it provides an array of liquid crystal cells, each of which can be purposed to act as a programmable spectral filter array. However, such an optical setup suffers from strong optical aberrations due to the unintended phase modulation, precluding spectral modulation at high spatial resolutions. In this work, we propose a novel computational approach for the practical implementation of phase SLMs for implementing spatially varying spectral filters. We provide a careful and systematic analysis of the aberrations arising out of phase SLMs for the purposes of spatially varying spectral modulation. The analysis naturally leads us to a set of "good patterns" that minimize the optical aberrations. We then train a deep network that overcomes any residual aberrations, thereby achieving ideal spectral modulation at high spatial resolution. We show a number of unique operating points with our prototype including dynamic spectral filtering, material classification, and single- and multi-image hyperspectral imaging.
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作为一种引起巨大关注的新兴技术,通过分析继电器表面上的漫反射来重建隐藏物体的非视线(NLOS)成像,具有广泛的应用前景,在自主驾驶,医学成像和医学成像领域防御。尽管信噪比低(SNR)和高不良效率的挑战,但近年来,NLOS成像已迅速发展。大多数当前的NLOS成像技术使用传统的物理模型,通过主动或被动照明构建成像模型,并使用重建算法来恢复隐藏场景。此外,NLOS成像的深度学习算法最近也得到了很多关注。本文介绍了常规和深度学习的NLOS成像技术的全面概述。此外,我们还调查了新的拟议的NLOS场景,并讨论了现有技术的挑战和前景。这样的调查可以帮助读者概述不同类型的NLOS成像,从而加速了在角落周围看到的发展。
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我们开发了一种新类型的模型,以解决通过构建$ \ mathrm {so}^{+}(2,1)$ ecurivariant神经网络来解决多模式光纤的传输效果的任务。该模型利用了已知存在于纤维斑点模式中已知的方位角相关性,并且自然说明了输入和斑点模式之间的空间布置差异。此外,我们使用第二个后处理网络去除圆形伪像,填充间隙并锐化图像,这是由于光纤传输的性质所需的。这种两阶段的方法允许检查由更健壮的身体动机模型产生的预测图像,该模型可能在安全关键的应用程序中或两种模型的输出,从而产生高质量的图像。此外,该模型可以扩展到以前无法实现的成像分辨率,并在256美元\ times 256 $像素图像上显示出来。这是将可训练的参数需求从$ \ MATHCAL {O}(n^4)$提高到$ \ Mathcal {o}(M)$的结果,其中$ n $是像素大小,$ m $是光纤数模式。最后,该模型将在培训数据类别之外的新图像中概括,比以前的模型更好。
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我们提出了一种依赖工程点扩散功能(PSF)的紧凑型快照单眼估计技术。微观超分辨率成像中使用的传统方法,例如双螺旋PSF(DHPSF),不适合比稀疏的一组点光源更复杂的场景。我们使用cram \'er-rao下限(CRLB)显示,将DHPSF的两个叶分开,从而捕获两个单独的图像导致深度精度的急剧增加。用于生成DHPSF的相掩码的独特属性是,将相掩码分为两个半部分,导致两个裂片的空间分离。我们利用该属性建立一个基于紧凑的极化光学设置,在该设置中,我们将两个正交线性极化器放在DHPSF相位掩码的每一半上,然后使用极化敏感的摄像机捕获所得图像。模拟和实验室原型的结果表明,与包括DHPSF和Tetrapod PSF在内的最新设计相比,我们的技术达到了高达50美元的深度误差,而空间分辨率几乎没有损失。
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傅立叶Ptychographic显微镜(FPM)是一种成像过程,它通过计算平均值克服了传统的传统显微镜空间带宽产品(SBP)的限制。它利用使用低数值孔径(NA)物镜捕获的多个图像,并通过频域缝线实现高分辨率相成像。现有的FPM重建方法可以广泛地分为两种方法:基于迭代优化的方法,这些方法基于正向成像模型的物理学以及通常采用馈送深度学习框架的数据驱动方法。我们提出了一个混合模型驱动的残留网络,该网络将远期成像系统的知识与深度数据驱动的网络相结合。我们提出的架构LWGNET将传统的电线流优化算法展开为一种新型的神经网络设计,该设计通过复杂的卷积块增强了梯度图像。与其他传统的展开技术不同,LWGNET在PAR上执行时使用的阶段较少,甚至比现有的传统和深度学习技术更好,尤其是对于低成本和低动态范围CMOS传感器。低位深度和低成本传感器的性能提高有可能显着降低FPM成像设置的成本。最后,我们在收集到的实际数据上显示出始终提高的性能。
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随着深度神经网络(DNN)的发展以解决日益复杂的问题,它们正受到现有数字处理器的延迟和功耗的限制。为了提高速度和能源效率,已经提出了专门的模拟光学和电子硬件,但是可扩展性有限(输入矢量长度$ k $的数百个元素)。在这里,我们提出了一个可扩展的,单层模拟光学处理器,该光学处理器使用自由空间光学器件可重新配置输入向量和集成的光电,用于静态,可更新的加权和非线性 - 具有$ k \ \ 1,000 $和大约1,000美元和超过。我们通过实验测试MNIST手写数字数据集的分类精度,在没有数据预处理或在硬件上进行数据重新处理的情况下达到94.7%(地面真相96.3%)。我们还确定吞吐量($ \ sim $ 0.9 examac/s)的基本上限,由最大光带宽设置,然后大大增加误差。我们在兼容CMOS兼容系统中宽光谱和空间带宽的组合可以实现下一代DNN的高效计算。
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