将加固学习（RL）代理适应看不见的环境是一项艰巨的任务，这是一项艰巨的任务，因为在训练环境中典型的过度拟合。RL代理通常能够求解非常接近受过训练的环境的环境，但是当环境变得明显不同时，其性能会迅速下降。当代理在新环境上进行重新训练时，就会出现第二个问题：存在灾难性遗忘的风险，在此期间，以前看到的环境的性能受到严重阻碍。本文提出了一种新颖的方法，该方法利用了代理商的生态系统来解决这两种问题。因此，收获了个体代理的（有限）自适应能力，以建立一个高度适应性的生态系统。

An eco-system of agents each having their own policy with some, but limited, generalizability has proven to be a reliable approach to increase generalization across procedurally generated environments. In such an approach, new agents are regularly added to the eco-system when encountering a new environment that is outside of the scope of the eco-system. The speed of adaptation and general effectiveness of the eco-system approach highly depends on the initialization of new agents. In this paper we propose different techniques for such initialization and study their impact. We then rework the ecosystem setup to use forked agents which brings better results than the initial eco-system approach with a drastically reduced number of training cycles.

A long-standing challenge in artificial intelligence is lifelong learning. In lifelong learning, many tasks are presented in sequence and learners must efficiently transfer knowledge between tasks while avoiding catastrophic forgetting over long lifetimes. On these problems, policy reuse and other multi-policy reinforcement learning techniques can learn many tasks. However, they can generate many temporary or permanent policies, resulting in memory issues. Consequently, there is a need for lifetime-scalable methods that continually refine a policy library of a pre-defined size. This paper presents a first approach to lifetime-scalable policy reuse. To pre-select the number of policies, a notion of task capacity, the maximal number of tasks that a policy can accurately solve, is proposed. To evaluate lifetime policy reuse using this method, two state-of-the-art single-actor base-learners are compared: 1) a value-based reinforcement learner, Deep Q-Network (DQN) or Deep Recurrent Q-Network (DRQN); and 2) an actor-critic reinforcement learner, Proximal Policy Optimisation (PPO) with or without Long Short-Term Memory layer. By selecting the number of policies based on task capacity, D(R)QN achieves near-optimal performance with 6 policies in a 27-task MDP domain and 9 policies in an 18-task POMDP domain; with fewer policies, catastrophic forgetting and negative transfer are observed. Due to slow, monotonic improvement, PPO requires fewer policies, 1 policy for the 27-task domain and 4 policies for the 18-task domain, but it learns the tasks with lower accuracy than D(R)QN. These findings validate lifetime-scalable policy reuse and suggest using D(R)QN for larger and PPO for smaller library sizes.

Lifelong learning aims to create AI systems that continuously and incrementally learn during a lifetime, similar to biological learning. Attempts so far have met problems, including catastrophic forgetting, interference among tasks, and the inability to exploit previous knowledge. While considerable research has focused on learning multiple input distributions, typically in classification, lifelong reinforcement learning (LRL) must also deal with variations in the state and transition distributions, and in the reward functions. Modulating masks, recently developed for classification, are particularly suitable to deal with such a large spectrum of task variations. In this paper, we adapted modulating masks to work with deep LRL, specifically PPO and IMPALA agents. The comparison with LRL baselines in both discrete and continuous RL tasks shows competitive performance. We further investigated the use of a linear combination of previously learned masks to exploit previous knowledge when learning new tasks: not only is learning faster, the algorithm solves tasks that we could not otherwise solve from scratch due to extremely sparse rewards. The results suggest that RL with modulating masks is a promising approach to lifelong learning, to the composition of knowledge to learn increasingly complex tasks, and to knowledge reuse for efficient and faster learning.

我们开发了一种新的持续元学习方法，以解决连续多任务学习中的挑战。在此设置中，代理商的目标是快速通过任何任务序列实现高奖励。先前的Meta-Creenifiltive学习算法已经表现出有希望加速收购新任务的结果。但是，他们需要在培训期间访问所有任务。除了简单地将过去的经验转移到新任务，我们的目标是设计学习学习的持续加强学习算法，使用他们以前任务的经验更快地学习新任务。我们介绍了一种新的方法，连续的元策略搜索（Comps），通过以增量方式，在序列中的每个任务上，通过序列的每个任务来消除此限制，而无需重新访问先前的任务。 Comps持续重复两个子程序：使用RL学习新任务，并使用RL的经验完全离线Meta学习，为后续任务学习做好准备。我们发现，在若干挑战性连续控制任务的旧序列上，Comps优于持续的持续学习和非政策元增强方法。

机器学习算法中多个超参数的最佳设置是发出大多数可用数据的关键。为此目的，已经提出了几种方法，例如进化策略，随机搜索，贝叶斯优化和启发式拇指规则。在钢筋学习（RL）中，学习代理在与其环境交互时收集的数据的信息内容严重依赖于许多超参数的设置。因此，RL算法的用户必须依赖于基于搜索的优化方法，例如网格搜索或Nelder-Mead单简单算法，这对于大多数R1任务来说是非常效率的，显着减慢学习曲线和离开用户的速度有目的地偏见数据收集的负担。在这项工作中，为了使RL算法更加用户独立，提出了一种使用贝叶斯优化的自主超参数设置的新方法。来自过去剧集和不同的超参数值的数据通过执行行为克隆在元学习水平上使用，这有助于提高最大化获取功能的加强学习变体的有效性。此外，通过紧密地整合在加强学习代理设计中的贝叶斯优化，还减少了收敛到给定任务的最佳策略所需的状态转换的数量。与其他手动调整和基于优化的方法相比，计算实验显示了有希望的结果，这突出了改变算法超级参数来增加所生成数据的信息内容的好处。

应对深层终身强化学习（LRL）挑战的一种方法是仔细管理代理商的学习经验，以学习（不忘记）并建立内部元模型（任务，环境，代理商和世界）。生成重播（GR）是一种以生物学启发的重播机制，可以通过从内部生成模型中绘制的自标记示例来增强学习经验，该模型随着时间的推移而更新。在本文中，我们提出了一个满足两个Desiderata的GR版本：（a）使用深RL学习的策略的潜在策略的内省密度建模，以及（b）无模型的端到端学习。在这项工作中，我们研究了三个无模型GR的深度学习体系结构。我们在三种不同的情况下评估了我们提出的算法，其中包括来自Starcraft2和Minigrid域的任务。我们报告了几个关键发现，显示了设计选择对定量指标的影响，包括转移学习，对看不见的任务的概括，任务更改后的快速适应，与任务专家相当的绩效以及最小化灾难性遗忘。我们观察到我们的GR可以防止从深层批评剂的潜在矢量空间中的特征映射中漂移。我们还显示了既定的终身学习指标的改进。我们发现，当与重播缓冲液和生成的重播缓冲液结合使用时，需要引入一个小的随机重放缓冲液，以显着提高训练的稳定性。总体而言，我们发现“隐藏的重播”（一种众所周知的班级入学分类体系结构）是最有前途的方法，它推动了LRL的GR中最新的方法。

We study the use of model-based reinforcement learning methods, in particular, world models for continual reinforcement learning. In continual reinforcement learning, an agent is required to solve one task and then another sequentially while retaining performance and preventing forgetting on past tasks. World models offer a task-agnostic solution: they do not require knowledge of task changes. World models are a straight-forward baseline for continual reinforcement learning for three main reasons. Firstly, forgetting in the world model is prevented by persisting existing experience replay buffers across tasks, experience from previous tasks is replayed for learning the world model. Secondly, they are sample efficient. Thirdly and finally, they offer a task-agnostic exploration strategy through the uncertainty in the trajectories generated by the world model. We show that world models are a simple and effective continual reinforcement learning baseline. We study their effectiveness on Minigrid and Minihack continual reinforcement learning benchmarks and show that it outperforms state of the art task-agnostic continual reinforcement learning methods.

资产分配（或投资组合管理）是确定如何最佳将有限预算的资金分配给一系列金融工具/资产（例如股票）的任务。这项研究调查了使用无模型的深RL代理应用于投资组合管理的增强学习（RL）的性能。我们培训了几个RL代理商的现实股票价格，以学习如何执行资产分配。我们比较了这些RL剂与某些基线剂的性能。我们还比较了RL代理，以了解哪些类别的代理表现更好。从我们的分析中，RL代理可以执行投资组合管理的任务，因为它们的表现明显优于基线代理（随机分配和均匀分配）。四个RL代理（A2C，SAC，PPO和TRPO）总体上优于最佳基线MPT。这显示了RL代理商发现更有利可图的交易策略的能力。此外，基于价值和基于策略的RL代理之间没有显着的性能差异。演员批评者的表现比其他类型的药物更好。同样，在政策代理商方面的表现要好，因为它们在政策评估方面更好，样品效率在投资组合管理中并不是一个重大问题。这项研究表明，RL代理可以大大改善资产分配，因为它们的表现优于强基础。基于我们的分析，在政策上，参与者批评的RL药物显示出最大的希望。

Many challenging reinforcement learning (RL) problems require designing a distribution of tasks that can be applied to train effective policies. This distribution of tasks can be specified by the curriculum. A curriculum is meant to improve the results of learning and accelerate it. We introduce Success Induced Task Prioritization (SITP), a framework for automatic curriculum learning, where a task sequence is created based on the success rate of each task. In this setting, each task is an algorithmically created environment instance with a unique configuration. The algorithm selects the order of tasks that provide the fastest learning for agents. The probability of selecting any of the tasks for the next stage of learning is determined by evaluating its performance score in previous stages. Experiments were carried out in the Partially Observable Grid Environment for Multiple Agents (POGEMA) and Procgen benchmark. We demonstrate that SITP matches or surpasses the results of other curriculum design methods. Our method can be implemented with handful of minor modifications to any standard RL framework and provides useful prioritization with minimal computational overhead.

Progress in continual reinforcement learning has been limited due to several barriers to entry: missing code, high compute requirements, and a lack of suitable benchmarks. In this work, we present CORA, a platform for Continual Reinforcement Learning Agents that provides benchmarks, baselines, and metrics in a single code package. The benchmarks we provide are designed to evaluate different aspects of the continual RL challenge, such as catastrophic forgetting, plasticity, ability to generalize, and sample-efficient learning. Three of the benchmarks utilize video game environments (Atari, Procgen, NetHack). The fourth benchmark, CHORES, consists of four different task sequences in a visually realistic home simulator, drawn from a diverse set of task and scene parameters. To compare continual RL methods on these benchmarks, we prepare three metrics in CORA: Continual Evaluation, Isolated Forgetting, and Zero-Shot Forward Transfer. Finally, CORA includes a set of performant, open-source baselines of existing algorithms for researchers to use and expand on. We release CORA and hope that the continual RL community can benefit from our contributions, to accelerate the development of new continual RL algorithms.

软件测试活动旨在找到软件产品的可能缺陷，并确保该产品满足其预期要求。一些软件测试接近的方法缺乏自动化或部分自动化，这增加了测试时间和整体软件测试成本。最近，增强学习（RL）已成功地用于复杂的测试任务中，例如游戏测试，回归测试和测试案例优先级，以自动化该过程并提供持续的适应。从业者可以通过从头开始实现RL算法或使用RL框架来使用RL。开发人员已广泛使用这些框架来解决包括软件测试在内的各个领域中的问题。但是，据我们所知，尚无研究从经验上评估RL框架中实用算法的有效性和性能。在本文中，我们凭经验研究了精心选择的RL算法在两个重要的软件测试任务上的应用：在连续集成（CI）和游戏测试的上下文中测试案例的优先级。对于游戏测试任务，我们在简单游戏上进行实验，并使用RL算法探索游戏以检测错误。结果表明，一些选定的RL框架，例如Tensorforce优于文献的最新方法。为了确定测试用例的优先级，我们在CI环境上运行实验，其中使用来自不同框架的RL算法来对测试用例进行排名。我们的结果表明，在某些情况下，预实算算法之间的性能差异很大，激励了进一步的研究。此外，建议对希望选择RL框架的研究人员进行一些基准问题的经验评估，以确保RL算法按预期执行。

Reformulating the history matching problem from a least-square mathematical optimization problem into a Markov Decision Process introduces a method in which reinforcement learning can be utilized to solve the problem. This method provides a mechanism where an artificial deep neural network agent can interact with the reservoir simulator and find multiple different solutions to the problem. Such formulation allows for solving the problem in parallel by launching multiple concurrent environments enabling the agent to learn simultaneously from all the environments at once, achieving significant speed up.

深入学习的强化学习（RL）的结合导致了一系列令人印象深刻的壮举，许多相信（深）RL提供了一般能力的代理。然而，RL代理商的成功往往对培训过程中的设计选择非常敏感，这可能需要繁琐和易于易于的手动调整。这使得利用RL对新问题充满挑战，同时也限制了其全部潜力。在许多其他机器学习领域，AutomL已经示出了可以自动化这样的设计选择，并且在应用于RL时也会产生有希望的初始结果。然而，自动化强化学习（AutorL）不仅涉及Automl的标准应用，而且还包括RL独特的额外挑战，其自然地产生了不同的方法。因此，Autorl已成为RL中的一个重要研究领域，提供来自RNA设计的各种应用中的承诺，以便玩游戏等游戏。鉴于RL中考虑的方法和环境的多样性，在不同的子领域进行了大部分研究，从Meta学习到进化。在这项调查中，我们寻求统一自动的领域，我们提供常见的分类法，详细讨论每个区域并对研究人员来说是一个兴趣的开放问题。

对看不见的环境变化的深入强化学习的概括通常需要对大量各种培训变化进行政策学习。我们从经验上观察到，接受过许多变化的代理商（通才）倾向于在一开始就更快地学习，但是长期以来其最佳水平的性能高原。相比之下，只接受一些变体培训的代理商（专家）通常可以在有限的计算预算下获得高回报。为了两全其美，我们提出了一个新颖的通才特权训练框架。具体来说，我们首先培训一名通才的所有环境变化。当它无法改善时，我们会推出大量的专家，并从通才克隆过重量，每个人都接受了训练，以掌握选定的一小部分变化子集。我们终于通过所有专家的示范引起的辅助奖励恢复了通才的培训。特别是，我们调查了开始专业培训的时机，并在专家的帮助下比较策略以学习通才。我们表明，该框架将政策学习的信封推向了包括Procgen，Meta-World和Maniskill在内的几个具有挑战性和流行的基准。

人类通常通过将它们分解为更容易的子问题，然后结合子问题解决方案来解决复杂的问题。这种类型的组成推理允许在解决共享一部分基础构图结构的未来任务时重复使用子问题解决方案。在持续或终身的强化学习（RL）设置中，将知识分解为可重复使用的组件的能力将使代理通过利用积累的组成结构来快速学习新的RL任务。我们基于神经模块探索一种特定形式的组成形式，并提出了一组RL问题，可以直观地接受组成溶液。从经验上讲，我们证明了神经组成确实捕获了问题空间的基本结构。我们进一步提出了一种构图终身RL方法，该方法利用累积的神经成分来加速学习未来任务的学习，同时通过离线RL通过离线RL保留以前的RL，而不是重播经验。

The policy gradient method enjoys the simplicity of the objective where the agent optimizes the cumulative reward directly. Moreover, in the continuous action domain, parameterized distribution of action distribution allows easy control of exploration, resulting from the variance of the representing distribution. Entropy can play an essential role in policy optimization by selecting the stochastic policy, which eventually helps better explore the environment in reinforcement learning (RL). However, the stochasticity often reduces as the training progresses; thus, the policy becomes less exploratory. Additionally, certain parametric distributions might only work for some environments and require extensive hyperparameter tuning. This paper aims to mitigate these issues. In particular, we propose an algorithm called Robust Policy Optimization (RPO), which leverages a perturbed distribution. We hypothesize that our method encourages high-entropy actions and provides a way to represent the action space better. We further provide empirical evidence to verify our hypothesis. We evaluated our methods on various continuous control tasks from DeepMind Control, OpenAI Gym, Pybullet, and IsaacGym. We observed that in many settings, RPO increases the policy entropy early in training and then maintains a certain level of entropy throughout the training period. Eventually, our agent RPO shows consistently improved performance compared to PPO and other techniques: entropy regularization, different distributions, and data augmentation. Furthermore, in several settings, our method stays robust in performance, while other baseline mechanisms fail to improve and even worsen the performance.

教机器人通过加强学习（RL）在复杂的三维环境环境下学习多样化的运动技能仍然具有挑战性。已经表明，在将其转移到复杂设置之前，在简单设置中的培训代理可以改善培训过程，但到目前为止，仅在相对简单的运动技能的背景下。在这项工作中，我们适应了增强的配对开放式开拓者（EPOET）方法，以训练更复杂的代理，以在复杂的三维地形上有效行走。首先，为了产生更加坚固且多样化的三维训练地形，并增加了复杂性，我们扩展了组成模式产生的网络 - 增强拓扑的神经进化（CPPN-NEAT）方法，并包括随机形状。其次，我们将Epoet与软性演员 - 批评外的优化相结合，产生Epoet-SAC，以确保代理商可以学习更多多样化的技能，以解决更具挑战性的任务。我们的实验结果表明，新生成的三维地形具有足够的多样性和复杂性来指导学习，Epoet成功地学习了这些地形上的复杂运动技能，并且我们提出的EPOET-SAC方法在Epoet上略有改进。

深度强化学习（RL）导致了许多最近和开创性的进步。但是，这些进步通常以培训的基础体系结构的规模增加以及用于训练它们的RL算法的复杂性提高，而均以增加规模的成本。这些增长反过来又使研究人员更难迅速原型新想法或复制已发表的RL算法。为了解决这些问题，这项工作描述了ACME，这是一个用于构建新型RL算法的框架，这些框架是专门设计的，用于启用使用简单的模块化组件构建的代理，这些组件可以在各种执行范围内使用。尽管ACME的主要目标是为算法开发提供一个框架，但第二个目标是提供重要或最先进算法的简单参考实现。这些实现既是对我们的设计决策的验证，也是对RL研究中可重复性的重要贡献。在这项工作中，我们描述了ACME内部做出的主要设计决策，并提供了有关如何使用其组件来实施各种算法的进一步详细信息。我们的实验为许多常见和最先进的算法提供了基准，并显示了如何为更大且更复杂的环境扩展这些算法。这突出了ACME的主要优点之一，即它可用于实现大型，分布式的RL算法，这些算法可以以较大的尺度运行，同时仍保持该实现的固有可读性。这项工作提出了第二篇文章的版本，恰好与模块化的增加相吻合，对离线，模仿和从演示算法学习以及作为ACME的一部分实现的各种新代理。

The ability for an agent to continuously learn new skills without catastrophically forgetting existing knowledge is of critical importance for the development of generally intelligent agents. Most methods devised to address this problem depend heavily on well-defined task boundaries, and thus depend on human supervision. Our task-agnostic method, Self-Activating Neural Ensembles (SANE), uses a modular architecture designed to avoid catastrophic forgetting without making any such assumptions. At the beginning of each trajectory, a module in the SANE ensemble is activated to determine the agent's next policy. During training, new modules are created as needed and only activated modules are updated to ensure that unused modules remain unchanged. This system enables our method to retain and leverage old skills, while growing and learning new ones. We demonstrate our approach on visually rich procedurally generated environments.