由于其在非洲以外的40多个国家 /地区的迅速传播，最近的蒙基托克斯爆发已成为公共卫生问题。由于与水痘和麻疹的相似之处，蒙基托斯在早期的临床诊断是具有挑战性的。如果不容易获得验证性聚合酶链反应（PCR）测试，那么计算机辅助检测蒙基氧基病变可能对可疑病例的监视和快速鉴定有益。只要有足够的训练示例，深度学习方法在自动检测皮肤病变中有效。但是，截至目前，此类数据集尚未用于猴蛋白酶疾病。在当前的研究中，我们首先开发``Monkeypox皮肤病变数据集（MSLD）。用于增加样本量，并建立了3倍的交叉验证实验。在下一步中，采用了几种预训练的深度学习模型，即VGG-16，Resnet50和InceptionV3用于对Monkeypox和Monkeypox和Monkeypox和其他疾病。还开发了三种型号的合奏。RESNET50达到了82.96美元（\ pm4.57 \％）$的最佳总体准确性，而VGG16和整体系统的准确性达到了81.48美元（\ pm6.87 \％）$和$ 79.26（\ pm1.05 \％）$。还开发了一个原型网络应用程序作为在线蒙基蛋白筛选工具。虽然该有限数据集的初始结果是有希望的，但需要更大的人口统计学多样化的数据集来进一步增强性增强性。这些的普遍性 楷模。

2019年12月，一个名为Covid-19的新型病毒导致了迄今为止的巨大因果关系。与新的冠状病毒的战斗在西班牙语流感后令人振奋和恐怖。虽然前线医生和医学研究人员在控制高度典型病毒的传播方面取得了重大进展，但技术也证明了在战斗中的重要性。此外，许多医疗应用中已采用人工智能，以诊断许多疾病，甚至陷入困境的经验丰富的医生。因此，本调查纸探讨了提议的方法，可以提前援助医生和研究人员，廉价的疾病诊断方法。大多数发展中国家难以使用传统方式进行测试，但机器和深度学习可以采用显着的方式。另一方面，对不同类型的医学图像的访问已经激励了研究人员。结果，提出了一种庞大的技术数量。本文首先详细调了人工智能域中传统方法的背景知识。在此之后，我们会收集常用的数据集及其用例日期。此外，我们还显示了采用深入学习的机器学习的研究人员的百分比。因此，我们对这种情况进行了彻底的分析。最后，在研究挑战中，我们详细阐述了Covid-19研究中面临的问题，我们解决了我们的理解，以建立一个明亮健康的环境。

随着世界各地的COVID-19病毒感染的下降，Monkeypox病毒正在缓慢地出现。人们害怕它，认为它看起来像是Covid-19的大流行。因此，在广泛的社区传播之前，至关重要的是检测到它们。基于AI的检测可以帮助他们在早期识别它们。在本文中，我们首先比较了13个不同的预训练的深度学习（DL）模型，以检测蒙基氧基病毒。为此，我们首先将它们添加到所有这些层中，并使用四个完善的措施进行分析：精度，召回，F1得分和准确性。在确定了表现最佳的DL模型之后，我们将它们整合以利用从其获得的概率输出的多数投票来提高整体绩效。我们在公开可用的数据集上执行实验，这表明我们的集合方法提供了精度，召回，F1得分和精度为85.44 \％，85.47 \％，85.40 \％和87.13 \％。这些令人鼓舞的结果表明，所提出的方法适用于卫生从业人员进行大规模筛查。

Pneumonia, a respiratory infection brought on by bacteria or viruses, affects a large number of people, especially in developing and impoverished countries where high levels of pollution, unclean living conditions, and overcrowding are frequently observed, along with insufficient medical infrastructure. Pleural effusion, a condition in which fluids fill the lung and complicate breathing, is brought on by pneumonia. Early detection of pneumonia is essential for ensuring curative care and boosting survival rates. The approach most usually used to diagnose pneumonia is chest X-ray imaging. The purpose of this work is to develop a method for the automatic diagnosis of bacterial and viral pneumonia in digital x-ray pictures. This article first presents the authors' technique, and then gives a comprehensive report on recent developments in the field of reliable diagnosis of pneumonia. In this study, here tuned a state-of-the-art deep convolutional neural network to classify plant diseases based on images and tested its performance. Deep learning architecture is compared empirically. VGG19, ResNet with 152v2, Resnext101, Seresnet152, Mobilenettv2, and DenseNet with 201 layers are among the architectures tested. Experiment data consists of two groups, sick and healthy X-ray pictures. To take appropriate action against plant diseases as soon as possible, rapid disease identification models are preferred. DenseNet201 has shown no overfitting or performance degradation in our experiments, and its accuracy tends to increase as the number of epochs increases. Further, DenseNet201 achieves state-of-the-art performance with a significantly a smaller number of parameters and within a reasonable computing time. This architecture outperforms the competition in terms of testing accuracy, scoring 95%. Each architecture was trained using Keras, using Theano as the backend.

Computer tomography (CT) have been routinely used for the diagnosis of lung diseases and recently, during the pandemic, for detecting the infectivity and severity of COVID-19 disease. One of the major concerns in using ma-chine learning (ML) approaches for automatic processing of CT scan images in clinical setting is that these methods are trained on limited and biased sub-sets of publicly available COVID-19 data. This has raised concerns regarding the generalizability of these models on external datasets, not seen by the model during training. To address some of these issues, in this work CT scan images from confirmed COVID-19 data obtained from one of the largest public repositories, COVIDx CT 2A were used for training and internal vali-dation of machine learning models. For the external validation we generated Indian-COVID-19 CT dataset, an open-source repository containing 3D CT volumes and 12096 chest CT images from 288 COVID-19 patients from In-dia. Comparative performance evaluation of four state-of-the-art machine learning models, viz., a lightweight convolutional neural network (CNN), and three other CNN based deep learning (DL) models such as VGG-16, ResNet-50 and Inception-v3 in classifying CT images into three classes, viz., normal, non-covid pneumonia, and COVID-19 is carried out on these two datasets. Our analysis showed that the performance of all the models is comparable on the hold-out COVIDx CT 2A test set with 90% - 99% accuracies (96% for CNN), while on the external Indian-COVID-19 CT dataset a drop in the performance is observed for all the models (8% - 19%). The traditional ma-chine learning model, CNN performed the best on the external dataset (accu-racy 88%) in comparison to the deep learning models, indicating that a light-weight CNN is better generalizable on unseen data. The data and code are made available at https://github.com/aleesuss/c19.

皮肤病变的准确诊断是大型皮肤图像中的关键任务。在本研究中，我们形成了一种新型的图像特征，称为混合特征，其具有比单个方法特征更强的辨别能力。本研究涉及一种新技术，在训练过程期间，我们将手工特征或特征传递到完全连接的卷积神经网络（CNN）模型中。根据我们的文献回顾，直到现在，在培训过程中将手工特征注入CNN模型中，没有研究或调查对分类绩效的影响。此外，我们还调查了分割面膜的影响及其对整体分类性能的影响。我们的模型实现了92.3％的平衡式多条准确度，比典型的单一方法为深度学习的单一方法分类器架构优于6.8％。

Skin cancer is the most common malignancy in the world. Automated skin cancer detection would significantly improve early detection rates and prevent deaths. To help with this aim, a number of datasets have been released which can be used to train Deep Learning systems - these have produced impressive results for classification. However, this only works for the classes they are trained on whilst they are incapable of identifying skin lesions from previously unseen classes, making them unconducive for clinical use. We could look to massively increase the datasets by including all possible skin lesions, though this would always leave out some classes. Instead, we evaluate Siamese Neural Networks (SNNs), which not only allows us to classify images of skin lesions, but also allow us to identify those images which are different from the trained classes - allowing us to determine that an image is not an example of our training classes. We evaluate SNNs on both dermoscopic and clinical images of skin lesions. We obtain top-1 classification accuracy levels of 74.33% and 85.61% on clinical and dermoscopic datasets, respectively. Although this is slightly lower than the state-of-the-art results, the SNN approach has the advantage that it can detect out-of-class examples. Our results highlight the potential of an SNN approach as well as pathways towards future clinical deployment.

Almost 80 million Americans suffer from hair loss due to aging, stress, medication, or genetic makeup. Hair and scalp-related diseases often go unnoticed in the beginning. Sometimes, a patient cannot differentiate between hair loss and regular hair fall. Diagnosing hair-related diseases is time-consuming as it requires professional dermatologists to perform visual and medical tests. Because of that, the overall diagnosis gets delayed, which worsens the severity of the illness. Due to the image-processing ability, neural network-based applications are used in various sectors, especially healthcare and health informatics, to predict deadly diseases like cancers and tumors. These applications assist clinicians and patients and provide an initial insight into early-stage symptoms. In this study, we used a deep learning approach that successfully predicts three main types of hair loss and scalp-related diseases: alopecia, psoriasis, and folliculitis. However, limited study in this area, unavailability of a proper dataset, and degree of variety among the images scattered over the internet made the task challenging. 150 images were obtained from various sources and then preprocessed by denoising, image equalization, enhancement, and data balancing, thereby minimizing the error rate. After feeding the processed data into the 2D convolutional neural network (CNN) model, we obtained overall training accuracy of 96.2%, with a validation accuracy of 91.1%. The precision and recall score of alopecia, psoriasis, and folliculitis are 0.895, 0.846, and 1.0, respectively. We also created a dataset of the scalp images for future prospective researchers.

Deep learning (DL) analysis of Chest X-ray (CXR) and Computed tomography (CT) images has garnered a lot of attention in recent times due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are well suited for the image analysis tasks when trained on humongous amounts of data. Applications developed for medical image analysis require high sensitivity and precision compared to any other fields. Most of the tools proposed for detection of COVID-19 claims to have high sensitivity and recalls but have failed to generalize and perform when tested on unseen datasets. This encouraged us to develop a CNN model, analyze and understand the performance of it by visualizing the predictions of the model using class activation maps generated using (Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping) Grad-CAM technique. This study provides a detailed discussion of the success and failure of the proposed model at an image level. Performance of the model is compared with state-of-the-art DL models and shown to be comparable. The data and code used are available at https://github.com/aleesuss/c19.

皮肤癌的发病率在全世界一直在稳步上升，这是一个严重的问题。早期诊断有可能大大减少疾病造成的伤害，但是，传统活检是一种劳动密集型和侵入性的手术。此外，许多农村社区不容易获得医院，并且不希望因为他们认为可能是小问题而访问一个。使用机器学习和深度学习进行皮肤癌分类可以提高可及性，并减少传统病变检测过程中涉及的不适程序。这些模型可以包裹在网络或移动应用程序中，并为更多的人口提供服务。在本文中，在常见皮肤病变的基准HAM10000数据集上测试了两个这样的模型。它们是带有分层k折的随机森林，并且是Mobilenetv2（在其余的论文中称为Mobilenet）。使用Tensorflow和Pytorch框架分别训练Mobilenet模型。深度学习和机器学习模型的并排比较，以及对在资源约束的移动环境中针对皮肤病变诊断的不同框架的相同深度学习模型的比较。结果表明，这些模型中的每一个在不同的分类任务上都更好。为了获得更大的总回忆，准确性和恶性黑色素瘤的检测，张量流动性是更好的选择。但是，为了检测非癌性皮肤病变，Pytorch Mobilenet被证明更好。当涉及到中等正确性的计算成本低时，随机森林是更好的算法。

最近关于Covid-19的研究表明，CT成像提供了评估疾病进展和协助诊断的有用信息，以及帮助理解疾病。有越来越多的研究，建议使用深度学习来使用胸部CT扫描提供快速准确地定量Covid-19。兴趣的主要任务是胸部CT扫描的肺和肺病变的自动分割，确认或疑似Covid-19患者。在这项研究中，我们使用多中心数据集比较12个深度学习算法，包括开源和内部开发的算法。结果表明，合并不同的方法可以提高肺部分割，二元病变分割和多种子病变分割的总体测试集性能，从而分别为0.982,0.724和0.469的平均骰子分别。将得到的二元病变分段为91.3ml的平均绝对体积误差。通常，区分不同病变类型的任务更加困难，分别具有152mL的平均绝对体积差，分别为整合和磨碎玻璃不透明度为0.369和0.523的平均骰子分数。所有方法都以平均体积误差进行二元病变分割，该分段优于人类评估者的视觉评估，表明这些方法足以用于临床实践中使用的大规模评估。

早期发现视网膜疾病是预防患者部分或永久失明的最重要手段之一。在这项研究中，提出了一种新型的多标签分类系统，用于使用从各种来源收集的眼底图像来检测多种视网膜疾病。首先，使用许多公开可用的数据集来构建一个新的多标签视网膜疾病数据集，即梅里德数据集。接下来，应用了一系列后处理步骤，以确保图像数据的质量和数据集中存在的疾病范围。在眼底多标签疾病分类中，首次通过大量实验优化的基于变压器的模型用于图像分析和决策。进行了许多实验以优化所提出的系统的配置。结果表明，在疾病检测和疾病分类方面，该方法的性能比在同一任务上的最先进作品要好7.9％和8.1％。获得的结果进一步支持了基于变压器的架构在医学成像领域的潜在应用。

Covid-19大流行为感染检测和监测解决方案产生了重大的兴趣和需求。在本文中，我们提出了一种机器学习方法，可以使用在消费者设备上进行的录音来快速分离Covid-19。该方法将信号处理方法与微调深层学习网络相结合，提供了信号去噪，咳嗽检测和分类的方法。我们还开发并部署了一个移动应用程序，使用症状检查器与语音，呼吸和咳嗽信号一起使用，以检测Covid-19感染。该应用程序对两个开放的数据集和最终用户在测试版测试期间收集的嘈杂数据显示了鲁棒性能。

有必要开发负担得起且可靠的诊断工具，该工具允许包含COVID-19的扩散。已经提出了机器学习（ML）算法来设计支持决策系统以评估胸部X射线图像，事实证明，这些图像可用于检测和评估疾病进展。许多研究文章围绕此主题发表，这使得很难确定未来工作的最佳方法。本文介绍了使用胸部X射线图像应用于COVID-19检测的ML的系统综述，旨在就方法，体系结构，数据库和当前局限性为研究人员提供基线。

最近的人工智能（AI）算法已在各种医学分类任务上实现了放射科医生级的性能。但是，只有少数研究涉及CXR扫描异常发现的定位，这对于向放射学家解释图像级分类至关重要。我们在本文中介绍了一个名为Vindr-CXR的可解释的深度学习系统，该系统可以将CXR扫描分类为多种胸部疾病，同时将大多数类型的关键发现本地化在图像上。 Vindr-CXR接受了51,485次CXR扫描的培训，并通过放射科医生提供的边界盒注释进行了培训。它表现出与经验丰富的放射科医生相当的表现，可以在3,000张CXR扫描的回顾性验证集上对6种常见的胸部疾病进行分类，而在接收器操作特征曲线（AUROC）下的平均面积为0.967（95％置信区间[CI]：0.958---------0.958------- 0.975）。 VINDR-CXR在独立患者队列中也得到了外部验证，并显示出其稳健性。对于具有14种类型病变的本地化任务，我们的自由响应接收器操作特征（FROC）分析表明，VINDR-CXR以每扫描确定的1.0假阳性病变的速率达到80.2％的敏感性。还进行了一项前瞻性研究，以衡量VINDR-CXR在协助六名经验丰富的放射科医生方面的临床影响。结果表明，当用作诊断工具时，提出的系统显着改善了放射科医生本身之间的一致性，平均Fleiss的Kappa的同意增加了1.5％。我们还观察到，在放射科医生咨询了Vindr-CXR的建议之后，在平均Cohen的Kappa中，它们和系统之间的一致性显着增加了3.3％。

为了产生最大的影响，必须使用基于证据的决策制定公共卫生计划。创建机器学习算法是为了收集，存储，处理和分析数据以提供知识和指导决策。任何监视系统的关键部分是图像分析。截至最近，计算机视觉和机器学习的社区最终对此感到好奇。这项研究使用各种机器学习和图像处理方法来检测和预测疟疾疾病。在我们的研究中，我们发现了深度学习技术作为具有更广泛适用于疟疾检测的智能工具的潜力，通过协助诊断病情，可以使医生受益。我们研究了针对计算机框架和组织的深度学习的共同限制，计算需要准备数据，准备开销，实时执行和解释能力，并发现对这些限制的轴承的未来询问。

背景：宫颈癌严重影响了女性生殖系统的健康。光学相干断层扫描（OCT）作为宫颈疾病检测的非侵入性，高分辨率成像技术。然而，OCT图像注释是知识密集型和耗时的，这阻碍了基于深度学习的分类模型的培训过程。目的：本研究旨在基于自我监督学习，开发一种计算机辅助诊断（CADX）方法来对体内宫颈OCT图像进行分类。方法：除了由卷积神经网络（CNN）提取的高电平语义特征外，建议的CADX方法利用了通过对比纹理学习来利用未标记的宫颈OCT图像的纹理特征。我们在中国733名患者的多中心临床研究中对OCT图像数据集进行了十倍的交叉验证。结果：在用于检测高风险疾病的二元分类任务中，包括高级鳞状上皮病变和宫颈癌，我们的方法实现了0.9798加号或减去0.0157的面积曲线值，灵敏度为91.17加或对于OCT图像贴片，减去4.99％，特异性为93.96加仑或减去4.72％;此外，它在测试集上的四位医学专家中表现出两种。此外，我们的方法在使用交叉形阈值投票策略的118名中国患者中达到了91.53％的敏感性和97.37％的特异性。结论：所提出的基于对比 - 学习的CADX方法表现优于端到端的CNN模型，并基于纹理特征提供更好的可解释性，其在“见和治疗”的临床协议中具有很大的潜力。

人工神经网络（ANN）能够学习，纠正错误和将大量原始数据转化为治疗和护理的有用医疗决策，这增加了增强患者安全和护理质量的普及。因此，本文审查了ANN的关键作用为患者医疗保健决策提供有价值的见解和有效的疾病诊断。我们彻底审查了现有文献中的不同类型的ANN，以便为复杂应用程序进行高级ANNS适配。此外，我们还调查Ann的各种疾病诊断和治疗的进步，例如病毒，皮肤，癌症和Covid-19。此外，我们提出了一种名为ConxNet的新型深度卷积神经网络（CNN）模型，用于提高Covid-19疾病的检测准确性。 ConxNet经过培训并使用不同的数据集进行测试，它达到了超过97％的检测精度和精度，这明显优于现有型号。最后，我们突出了未来的研究方向和挑战，例如算法的复杂性，可用数据，隐私和安全性，以及与ANN的生物传染集成。这些研究方向需要大幅关注改善医疗诊断和治疗应用的ANN的范围。

Skin cancer is the most common cancer in the existing world constituting one-third of the cancer cases. Benign skin cancers are not fatal, can be cured with proper medication. But it is not the same as the malignant skin cancers. In the case of malignant melanoma, in its peak stage, the maximum life expectancy is less than or equal to 5 years. But, it can be cured if detected in early stages. Though there are numerous clinical procedures, the accuracy of diagnosis falls between 49% to 81% and is time-consuming. So, dermoscopy has been brought into the picture. It helped in increasing the accuracy of diagnosis but could not demolish the error-prone behaviour. A quick and less error-prone solution is needed to diagnose this majorly growing skin cancer. This project deals with the usage of deep learning in skin lesion classification. In this project, an automated model for skin lesion classification using dermoscopic images has been developed with CNN(Convolution Neural Networks) as a training model. Convolution neural networks are known for capturing features of an image. So, they are preferred in analyzing medical images to find the characteristics that drive the model towards success. Techniques like data augmentation for tackling class imbalance, segmentation for focusing on the region of interest and 10-fold cross-validation to make the model robust have been brought into the picture. This project also includes usage of certain preprocessing techniques like brightening the images using piece-wise linear transformation function, grayscale conversion of the image, resize the image. This project throws a set of valuable insights on how the accuracy of the model hikes with the bringing of new input strategies, preprocessing techniques. The best accuracy this model could achieve is 0.886.

由于类之间的不平衡，医疗数据分类通常是一个具有挑战性的任务。在本文中，我们提出了一种方法来将Dercatospopic图像从Ham10000（具有10000次训练图像的人机）数据集进行分类，包括七种不平衡类型的皮肤病变，具有良好的精度和低资源要求。分类是通过使用佩带的卷积神经网络完成的。我们评估提案的准确性和性能，并说明可能的扩展。