We shed light on a pitfall and an opportunity in physics-informed neural networks (PINNs). We prove that a multilayer perceptron (MLP) only with ReLU (Rectified Linear Unit) or ReLU-like Lipschitz activation functions will always lead to a vanished Hessian. Such a network-imposed constraint contradicts any second- or higher-order partial differential equations (PDEs). Therefore, a ReLU-based MLP cannot form a permissible function space for the approximation of their solutions. Inspired by this pitfall, we prove that a linear PDE up to the $n$-th order can be strictly satisfied by an MLP with $C^n$ activation functions when the weights of its output layer lie on a certain hyperplane, as called the out-layer-hyperplane. An MLP equipped with the out-layer-hyperplane becomes "physics-enforced", no longer requiring a loss function for the PDE itself (but only those for the initial and boundary conditions). Such a hyperplane exists not only for MLPs but for any network architecture tailed by a fully-connected hidden layer. To our knowledge, this should be the first PINN architecture that enforces point-wise correctness of a PDE. We give the closed-form expression of the out-layer-hyperplane for second-order linear PDEs and provide an implementation.
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Deep learning has achieved remarkable success in diverse applications; however, its use in solving partial differential equations (PDEs) has emerged only recently. Here, we present an overview of physics-informed neural networks (PINNs), which embed a PDE into the loss of the neural network using automatic differentiation. The PINN algorithm is simple, and it can be applied to different types of PDEs, including integro-differential equations, fractional PDEs, and stochastic PDEs. Moreover, from the implementation point of view, PINNs solve inverse problems as easily as forward problems. We propose a new residual-based adaptive refinement (RAR) method to improve the training efficiency of PINNs. For pedagogical reasons, we compare the PINN algorithm to a standard finite element method. We also present a Python library for PINNs, DeepXDE, which is designed to serve both as an education tool to be used in the classroom as well as a research tool for solving problems in computational science and engineering. Specifically, DeepXDE can solve forward problems given initial and boundary conditions, as well as inverse problems given some extra measurements. DeepXDE supports complex-geometry domains based on the technique of constructive solid geometry, and enables the user code to be compact, resembling closely the mathematical formulation. We introduce the usage of DeepXDE and its customizability, and we also demonstrate the capability of PINNs and the user-friendliness of DeepXDE for five different examples. More broadly, DeepXDE contributes to the more rapid development of the emerging Scientific Machine Learning field.
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随着计算能力的增加和机器学习的进步,基于数据驱动的学习方法在解决PDE方面引起了极大的关注。物理知识的神经网络(PINN)最近出现并成功地在各种前进和逆PDES问题中取得了成功,其优异的特性,例如灵活性,无网格解决方案和无监督的培训。但是,它们的收敛速度较慢和相对不准确的解决方案通常会限制其在许多科学和工程领域中的更广泛适用性。本文提出了一种新型的数据驱动的PDES求解器,物理知识的细胞表示(Pixel),优雅地结合了经典数值方法和基于学习的方法。我们采用来自数值方法的网格结构,以提高准确性和收敛速度并克服PINN中呈现的光谱偏差。此外,所提出的方法在PINN中具有相同的好处,例如,使用相同的优化框架来解决前进和逆PDE问题,并很容易通过现代自动分化技术强制执行PDE约束。我们为原始Pinn所努力的各种具有挑战性的PDE提供了实验结果,并表明像素达到了快速收敛速度和高精度。
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We present a unified hard-constraint framework for solving geometrically complex PDEs with neural networks, where the most commonly used Dirichlet, Neumann, and Robin boundary conditions (BCs) are considered. Specifically, we first introduce the "extra fields" from the mixed finite element method to reformulate the PDEs so as to equivalently transform the three types of BCs into linear forms. Based on the reformulation, we derive the general solutions of the BCs analytically, which are employed to construct an ansatz that automatically satisfies the BCs. With such a framework, we can train the neural networks without adding extra loss terms and thus efficiently handle geometrically complex PDEs, alleviating the unbalanced competition between the loss terms corresponding to the BCs and PDEs. We theoretically demonstrate that the "extra fields" can stabilize the training process. Experimental results on real-world geometrically complex PDEs showcase the effectiveness of our method compared with state-of-the-art baselines.
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在本文中,我们介绍了一种基于距离场的新方法,以确保物理知识的深神经网络中的边界条件。众所周知,满足网状紫外线和颗粒方法中的Dirichlet边界条件的挑战是众所周知的。该问题在物理信息的开发中也是相关的,用于解决部分微分方程的解。我们在人工神经网络中介绍几何意识的试验功能,以改善偏微分方程的深度学习培训。为此,我们使用来自建设性的实体几何(R函数)和广义的等级坐标(平均值潜在字段)的概念来构建$ \ phi $,对域边界的近似距离函数。要恰好施加均匀的Dirichlet边界条件,试验函数乘以\ PHI $乘以PINN近似,并且通过Transfinite插值的泛化用于先验满足的不均匀Dirichlet(必要),Neumann(自然)和Robin边界复杂几何形状的条件。在这样做时,我们消除了与搭配方法中的边界条件满意相关的建模误差,并确保以ritz方法点点到运动可视性。我们在具有仿射和弯曲边界的域上的线性和非线性边值问题的数值解。 1D中的基准问题,用于线性弹性,平面扩散和光束弯曲;考虑了泊松方程的2D,考虑了双音态方程和非线性欧克隆方程。该方法延伸到更高的尺寸,并通过在4D超立方套上解决彼此与均匀的Dirichlet边界条件求泊松问题来展示其使用。该研究提供了用于网眼分析的途径,以在没有域离散化的情况下在确切的几何图形上进行。
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两个不混溶的流体的位移是多孔介质中流体流动的常见问题。这种问题可以作为局部微分方程(PDE)构成通常被称为Buckley-Leverett(B-L)问题。 B-L问题是一种非线性双曲守护法,众所周知,使用传统的数值方法难以解决。在这里,我们使用物理信息的神经网络(Pinns)使用非凸版通量函数来解决前向双曲线B-L问题。本文的贡献是双重的。首先,我们通过将Oleinik熵条件嵌入神经网络残差来提出一种Pinn方法来解决双曲线B-L问题。我们不使用扩散术语(人工粘度)在残留损失中,但我们依靠PDE的强形式。其次,我们使用ADAM优化器与基于残留的自适应细化(RAR)算法,实现不加权的超低损耗。我们的解决方案方法可以精确地捕获冲击前并产生精确的整体解决方案。我们报告了一个2 x 10-2的L2验证误差和1x 10-6的L2损耗。所提出的方法不需要任何额外的正则化或加权损失以获得这种准确的解决方案。
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物理信息的神经网络(PINN)是神经网络(NNS),它们作为神经网络本身的组成部分编码模型方程,例如部分微分方程(PDE)。如今,PINN是用于求解PDE,分数方程,积分分化方程和随机PDE的。这种新颖的方法已成为一个多任务学习框架,在该框架中,NN必须在减少PDE残差的同时拟合观察到的数据。本文对PINNS的文献进行了全面的综述:虽然该研究的主要目标是表征这些网络及其相关的优势和缺点。该综述还试图将出版物纳入更广泛的基于搭配的物理知识的神经网络,这些神经网络构成了香草·皮恩(Vanilla Pinn)以及许多其他变体,例如物理受限的神经网络(PCNN),各种HP-VPINN,变量HP-VPINN,VPINN,VPINN,变体。和保守的Pinn(CPINN)。该研究表明,大多数研究都集中在通过不同的激活功能,梯度优化技术,神经网络结构和损耗功能结构来定制PINN。尽管使用PINN的应用范围广泛,但通过证明其在某些情况下比有限元方法(FEM)等经典数值技术更可行的能力,但仍有可能的进步,最著名的是尚未解决的理论问题。
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在这项工作中,我们分析了不同程度的不同精度和分段多项式测试函数如何影响变异物理学知情神经网络(VPINN)的收敛速率,同时解决椭圆边界边界值问题,如何影响变异物理学知情神经网络(VPINN)的收敛速率。使用依靠INF-SUP条件的Petrov-Galerkin框架,我们在精确解决方案和合适的计算神经网络的合适的高阶分段插值之间得出了一个先验误差估计。数值实验证实了理论预测并突出了INF-SUP条件的重要性。我们的结果表明,以某种方式违反直觉,对于平滑解决方案,实现高衰减率的最佳策略在选择最低多项式程度的测试功能方面,同时使用适当高精度的正交公式。
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These notes were compiled as lecture notes for a course developed and taught at the University of the Southern California. They should be accessible to a typical engineering graduate student with a strong background in Applied Mathematics. The main objective of these notes is to introduce a student who is familiar with concepts in linear algebra and partial differential equations to select topics in deep learning. These lecture notes exploit the strong connections between deep learning algorithms and the more conventional techniques of computational physics to achieve two goals. First, they use concepts from computational physics to develop an understanding of deep learning algorithms. Not surprisingly, many concepts in deep learning can be connected to similar concepts in computational physics, and one can utilize this connection to better understand these algorithms. Second, several novel deep learning algorithms can be used to solve challenging problems in computational physics. Thus, they offer someone who is interested in modeling a physical phenomena with a complementary set of tools.
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Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) have lately received significant attention as a representative deep learning-based technique for solving partial differential equations (PDEs). Most fully connected network-based PINNs use automatic differentiation to construct loss functions that suffer from slow convergence and difficult boundary enforcement. In addition, although convolutional neural network (CNN)-based PINNs can significantly improve training efficiency, CNNs have difficulty in dealing with irregular geometries with unstructured meshes. Therefore, we propose a novel framework based on graph neural networks (GNNs) and radial basis function finite difference (RBF-FD). We introduce GNNs into physics-informed learning to better handle irregular domains with unstructured meshes. RBF-FD is used to construct a high-precision difference format of the differential equations to guide model training. Finally, we perform numerical experiments on Poisson and wave equations on irregular domains. We illustrate the generalizability, accuracy, and efficiency of the proposed algorithms on different PDE parameters, numbers of collection points, and several types of RBFs.
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地震波的频域模拟在地震反演中起着重要作用,但在大型模型中仍然具有挑战性。作为有效的深度学习方法,最近提出的物理知识的神经网络(PINN)在解决广泛的偏微分方程(PDES)方面取得了成功的应用,并且在这方面仍然有改进的余地。例如,当PDE系数不平滑并描述结构复合介质时,PINN可能导致溶液不准确。在本文中,我们通过使用PINN而不是波方程来求解频域中的声学和Visco声学散射的场波方程,以消除源奇异性。我们首先说明,当在损失函数中未实现边界条件时,非平滑速度模型导致波场不准确。然后,我们在PINN的损耗函数中添加了完美匹配的层(PML)条件,并设计了二次神经网络,以克服PINN中非平滑模型的有害影响。我们表明,PML和二次神经元改善了结果和衰减,并讨论了这种改进的原因。我们还说明,在波场模拟中训练的网络可用于预先训练PDE-Coeff及时改变后另一个波场模拟的神经网络,并相应地提高收敛速度。当两次连续迭代或两个连续的实验之间的模型扰动时,这种预训练策略应在迭代全波形反转(FWI)和时置目标成像中找到应用。
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Despite great progress in simulating multiphysics problems using the numerical discretization of partial differential equations (PDEs), one still cannot seamlessly incorporate noisy data into existing algorithms, mesh generation remains complex, and high-dimensional problems governed by parameterized PDEs cannot be tackled. Moreover, solving inverse problems with hidden physics is often prohibitively expensive and requires different formulations and elaborate computer codes. Machine learning has emerged as a promising alternative, but training deep neural networks requires big data, not always available for scientific problems. Instead, such networks can be trained from additional information obtained by enforcing the physical laws (for example, at random points in the continuous space-time domain). Such physics-informed learning integrates (noisy) data and mathematical models, and implements them through neural networks or other kernel-based regression networks. Moreover, it may be possible to design specialized network architectures that automatically satisfy some of the physical invariants for better accuracy, faster training and improved generalization. Here, we review some of the prevailing trends in embedding physics into machine learning, present some of the current capabilities and limitations and discuss diverse applications of physics-informed learning both for forward and inverse problems, including discovering hidden physics and tackling high-dimensional problems.
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我们制定了一类由物理驱动的深层变量模型(PDDLVM),以学习参数偏微分方程(PDES)的参数到解决方案(正向)和解决方案到参数(逆)图。我们的公式利用有限元方法(FEM),深神经网络和概率建模来组装一个深层概率框架,在该框架中,向前和逆图通过连贯的不确定性量化近似。我们的概率模型明确合并了基于参数PDE的密度和可训练的解决方案到参数网络,而引入的摊销变异家庭假定参数到解决方案网络,所有这些网络均经过联合培训。此外,所提出的方法不需要任何昂贵的PDE解决方案,并且仅在训练时间内对物理信息进行了信息,该方法允许PDE的实时仿真和培训后的逆问题解决方案的产生,绕开了对FEM操作的需求,以相当的准确性,以便于FEM解决方案。提出的框架进一步允许无缝集成观察到的数据,以解决反问题和构建生成模型。我们证明了方法对非线性泊松问题,具有复杂3D几何形状的弹性壳以及整合通用物理信息信息的神经网络(PINN)体系结构的有效性。与传统的FEM求解器相比,训练后,我们最多达到了三个数量级的速度,同时输出连贯的不确定性估计值。
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We propose characteristic-informed neural networks (CINN), a simple and efficient machine learning approach for solving forward and inverse problems involving hyperbolic PDEs. Like physics-informed neural networks (PINN), CINN is a meshless machine learning solver with universal approximation capabilities. Unlike PINN, which enforces a PDE softly via a multi-part loss function, CINN encodes the characteristics of the PDE in a general-purpose deep neural network trained with the usual MSE data-fitting regression loss and standard deep learning optimization methods. This leads to faster training and can avoid well-known pathologies of gradient descent optimization of multi-part PINN loss functions. If the characteristic ODEs can be solved exactly, which is true in important cases, the output of a CINN is an exact solution of the PDE, even at initialization, preventing the occurrence of non-physical outputs. Otherwise, the ODEs must be solved approximately, but the CINN is still trained only using a data-fitting loss function. The performance of CINN is assessed empirically in forward and inverse linear hyperbolic problems. These preliminary results indicate that CINN is able to improve on the accuracy of the baseline PINN, while being nearly twice as fast to train and avoiding non-physical solutions. Future extensions to hyperbolic PDE systems and nonlinear PDEs are also briefly discussed.
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微分方程用于多种学科,描述了物理世界的复杂行为。这些方程式的分析解决方案通常很难求解,从而限制了我们目前求解复杂微分方程的能力,并需要将复杂的数值方法近似于解决方案。训练有素的神经网络充当通用函数近似器,能够以新颖的方式求解微分方程。在这项工作中,探索了神经网络算法在数值求解微分方程方面的方法和应用,重点是不同的损失函数和生物应用。传统损失函数和训练参数的变化显示出使神经网络辅助解决方案更有效的希望,从而可以调查更复杂的方程式管理生物学原理。
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基于神经网络的求解部分微分方程的方法由于其简单性和灵活性来表示偏微分方程的解决方案而引起了相当大的关注。在训练神经网络时,网络倾向于学习与低频分量相对应的全局特征,而高频分量以较慢的速率(F原理)近似。对于解决方案包含广泛尺度的一类等式,由于无法捕获高频分量,网络训练过程可能会遭受缓慢的收敛性和低精度。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种分层方法来提高神经网络解决方案的收敛速率和准确性。所提出的方法包括多训练水平,其中引导新引入的神经网络来学习先前级别近似的残余。通过神经网络训练过程的性​​质,高级校正倾向于捕获高频分量。我们通过一套线性和非线性部分微分方程验证所提出的分层方法的效率和稳健性。
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求解部分微分方程(PDE)是物理,生物学和化学领域的重要研究手段。作为数值方法的近似替代方法,Pinn受到了广泛的关注,并在许多领域发挥了重要作用。但是,Pinn使用完全连接的网络作为其模型,在时间和空间中,其合适能力和有限的外推能力有限。在本文中,我们提出了用于求解图形神经网络基础的部分微分方程的phygnnet,该方程由编码器,处理器和解码器块组成。特别是,我们将计算区域划分为常规网格,在网格上定义部分差分运算符,然后构建PDE损失以使网络优化以构建Phygnnet模型。更重要的是,我们对汉堡方程和热方程式进行比较实验以验证我们的方法,结果表明,与PINN相比,我们的方法在时间和空间区域具有更好的拟合能力和外推能力。
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部分微分方程(PDE)在研究大量科学和工程问题方面发挥着至关重要的作用。数值求解的非线性和/或高维PDE通常是一个具有挑战性的任务。灵感来自传统有限差分和有限元的方法和机器学习的新兴进步,我们提出了一个名为神经PDE的序列深度学习框架,这允许通过使用双向来自动学习从现有数据的任何时间依赖于现有数据的管理规则LSTM编码器,并预测下一个时间步长数据。我们所提出的框架的一个关键特征是,神经PDE能够同时学习和模拟多尺度变量。我们通过一维PDE的一系列示例测试神经PDE到高维和非线性复杂流体模型。结果表明,神经PDE能够学习初始条件,边界条件和差分运营商,而不知道PDE系统的特定形式。在我们的实验中,神经PDE可以有效地提取20个时期训练内的动态,并产生准确的预测。此外,与在学习PDE中的传统机器学习方法不同,例如CNN和MLP,这需要用于模型精度的巨大参数,神经PDE在所有时间步骤中共享参数,从而显着降低了计算复杂性并导致快速学习算法。
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作为深度学习的典型{Application},物理知识的神经网络(PINN){已成功用于找到部分微分方程(PDES)的数值解决方案(PDES),但是如何提高有限准确性仍然是PINN的巨大挑战。 。在这项工作中,我们引入了一种新方法,对称性增强物理学知情的神经网络(SPINN),其中PDE的谎言对称性诱导的不变表面条件嵌入PINN的损失函数中,以提高PINN的准确性。我们分别通过两组十组独立数值实验来测试SPINN的有效性,分别用于热方程,Korteweg-De Vries(KDV)方程和潜在的汉堡{方程式},这表明Spinn的性能比PINN更好,而PINN的训练点和更简单的结构都更好神经网络。此外,我们讨论了Spinn的计算开销,以PINN的相对计算成本,并表明Spinn的训练时间没有明显的增加,甚至在某些情况下还不是PINN。
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物理信息神经网络(PINN)能够找到给定边界值问题的解决方案。我们使用有限元方法(FEM)的几个想法来增强工程问题中现有的PINN的性能。当前工作的主要贡献是促进使用主要变量的空间梯度作为分离神经网络的输出。后来,具有较高衍生物的强形式应用于主要变量的空间梯度作为物理约束。此外,该问题的所谓能量形式被应用于主要变量,作为训练的附加约束。所提出的方法仅需要一阶导数来构建物理损失函数。我们讨论了为什么通过不同模型之间的各种比较,这一点是有益的。基于配方混合的PINN和FE方法具有一些相似之处。前者利用神经网络的复杂非线性插值将PDE及其能量形式最小化及其能量形式,而后者则在元素节点借助Shape函数在元素节点上使用相同。我们专注于异质固体,以显示深学习在不同边界条件下在复杂环境中预测解决方案的能力。针对FEM的解决方案对两个原型问题的解决方案进行了检查:弹性和泊松方程(稳态扩散问题)。我们得出的结论是,通过正确设计PINN中的网络体系结构,深度学习模型有可能在没有其他来源的任何可用初始数据中解决异质域中的未知数。最后,关于Pinn和FEM的组合进行了讨论,以在未来的开发中快速准确地设计复合材料。
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