LIDAR点云通常通过连续旋转LIDAR传感器扫描,捕获周围环境的精确几何形状,并且对于许多自主检测和导航任务至关重要。尽管已经开发了许多3D深度体系结构,但是在分析和理解点云数据中,有效收集和大量点云的注释仍然是一个主要挑战。本文介绍了Polarmix,这是一种简单且通用的点云增强技术,但可以在不同的感知任务和场景中有效地减轻数据约束。 Polarmix通过两种跨扫描扩展策略来富含点云分布,并保留点云保真度,这些杂志沿扫描方向切割,编辑和混合点云。第一个是场景级交换,它交换了两个LiDAR扫描的点云扇区,这些扫描沿方位角轴切割。第二个是实例级旋转和粘贴,它是从一个激光雷达扫描中进行的点点实例,用多个角度旋转它们(以创建多个副本),然后将旋转点实例粘贴到其他扫描中。广泛的实验表明,Polarmix在不同的感知任务和场景中始终如一地达到卓越的性能。此外,它可以用作各种3D深度体系结构的插件,并且对于无监督的域适应性也很好。
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已广泛研究从合成综合数据转移到实际数据,以减轻各种计算机视觉任务(如语义分割)中的数据注释约束。然而,由于缺乏大规模合成数据集和有效的转移方法,该研究专注于2D图像及其在3D点云分割的同行落后滞后。我们通过收集Synlidar来解决这个问题,这是一个大规模合成的LIDAR数据集,其中包含具有精确的几何形状和综合语义类的Point-Wise带注释点云。 Synlidar从​​具有丰富的场景和布局的多个虚拟环境中收集,该布局由超过190亿点的32个语义课程组成。此外,我们设计PCT,一种新型点云转换器,有效地减轻了合成和实点云之间的差距。具体地,我们将合成与实际间隙分解成外观部件和稀疏性分量,并单独处理它们,这会大大改善点云转换。我们在三次转移学习设置中进行了广泛的实验,包括数据增强,半监督域适应和无监督域适应。广泛的实验表明,Synlidar提供了用于研究3D转移的高质量数据源,所提出的PCT在三个设置上一致地实现了优越的点云平移。 Synlidar项目页面:\ url {https://github.com/xiaoaoran/synlidar}
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3D激光雷达语义细分对于自动驾驶是基础。最近已经提出了几种用于点云数据的无监督域适应性(UDA)方法,以改善不同传感器和环境的模型概括。研究图像域中研究UDA问题的研究人员表明,样品混合可以减轻域的转移。我们提出了一种针对点云UDA的样品混合的新方法,即组成语义混合(Cosmix),这是基于样品混合的第一种UDA方法。 Cosmix由一个两分支对称网络组成,该网络可以同时处理标记的合成数据(源)和现实世界中未标记的点云(目标)。每个分支通过从另一个域中混合选定的数据来在一个域上运行,并使用源标签和目标伪标签的语义信息。我们在两个大规模数据集上评估Cosmix,表明它的表现要优于最先进的方法。我们的代码可在https://github.com/saltoricristiano/cosmix-uda上找到。
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深度学习方法在3D语义细分中取得了显着的成功。但是,收集密集注释的现实世界3D数据集非常耗时且昂贵。关于合成数据和对现实世界情景的培训模型成为一种吸引人的选择,但不幸的是,臭名昭著的领域变化。在这项工作中,我们提出了一个面向数据的域适应性(DODA)框架,以减轻由不同的感应机制和跨域的布局放置引起的模式和上下文差距。我们的DODA涵盖了虚拟扫描模拟,以模仿现实世界中的点云图案和尾声的长方体混合,以减轻基于Cuboid的中间域的内部环境差距。 3D室内语义分割上的第一个无监督的SIM到运行适应基准也构建在3D-Front,Scannet和S3DIS上,以及7种流行的无监督域适应(UDA)方法。我们的DODA在3D -Front-> scannet和3d -Front-> S3DIS上都超过了13%的UDA方法。代码可从https://github.com/cvmi-lab/doda获得。
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密集的注释LiDAR点云是昂贵的,这限制了完全监督学习方法的可伸缩性。在这项工作中,我们研究了激光雷达分割中未充满激光的半监督学习(SSL)。我们的核心思想是利用激光点云的强烈空间提示来更好地利用未标记的数据。我们建议Lasermix混合不同激光扫描的激光束,然后鼓励模型在混合前后进行一致和自信的预测。我们的框架具有三个吸引人的属性:1)通用:Lasermix对LIDAR表示不可知(例如,范围视图和体素),因此可以普遍应用我们的SSL框架。 2)从统计上讲:我们提供详细的分析,以理论上解释所提出的框架的适用性。 3)有效:对流行激光雷达分割数据集(Nuscenes,Semantickitti和Scribblekitti)的全面实验分析证明了我们的有效性和优势。值得注意的是,我们在标签少2倍至5倍的同行中获得了竞争成果,并平均将仅监督的基线提高了10.8%。我们希望这个简洁而高性能的框架可以促进半监督的激光雷达细分的未来研究。代码将公开可用。
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使用3D激光点云数据的对象检测和语义分割需要昂贵的注释。我们提出了一种数据增强方法,该方法多次利用已经注释的数据。我们提出了一个重用真实数据的增强框架,自动在场景中找到合适的位置要增加,并明确地处理遮挡。由于使用真实数据,新插入的物体在增强中的扫描点维持了激光雷达的物理特征,例如强度和射线表。该管道证明在训练3D对象检测和语义分割的最佳模型中具有竞争力。新的增强为稀有和基本类别提供了显着的性能增长,尤其是在Kitti对象检测中“硬”行人级的平均精度增益为6.65%,或者2.14表示在Semantickitti细分挑战中获得的iOU在艺术状态下的增益。
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为了训练一个表现出色的神经网络进行语义细分,至关重要的是,拥有一个具有可用地面真相的大数据集以供网络概括为看不见的数据。在本文中,我们提出了新颖的点云增强方法,以人为地使数据集多样化。我们以传感器为中心的方法保持数据结构与LIDAR传感器功能一致。由于这些新方法,我们能够通过高价值实例丰富低价值数据,并创建全新的场景。我们使用公共Semantickitti数据集验证了在多个神经网络上的方法,并证明与各自的基线相比,所有网络都会有所改善。此外,我们表明我们的方法能够使用非常小的数据集,节省注释时间,培训时间和相关成本。
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我们呈现Mix3D,一种用于分割大规模3D场景的数据增强技术。由于场景上下文有助于推理对象语义,因此当前的工作侧重于具有大容量和接收字段的模型,可以完全捕获输入3D场景的全局上下文。然而,强烈的背景前瞻可能会有不利的影响,就像错过了一个穿过街道的行人。在这项工作中,我们专注于平衡全球场景和局部几何形状的重要性,以概括在培训集中的上下文前方之外的目标。特别是,我们提出了一种“混合”技术,通过组合两个增强的场景来创造新的训练样本。通过这样做,对象实例被隐式地放入新颖的外观环境中,因此模型更难地依赖场景上下文,而是从本地结构推断出语义。我们进行详细的分析以了解全球背景,局部结构,局部结构和混合场景效果的重要性。在实验中,我们展示了Mix3D培训的模型从室内(Scannet,S3DIS)和室外数据集(Semantickitti)上的显着性能提升。 Mix3D可以逐渐与任何现有方法一起使用,例如,用Mix3D培训,MinkowsWinet在SCANNet测试基准78.1 Miou的显着边际占据了所有现有最先进的方法。代码可用:https://nekrasov.dev/mix3d/
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Segmentation of lidar data is a task that provides rich, point-wise information about the environment of robots or autonomous vehicles. Currently best performing neural networks for lidar segmentation are fine-tuned to specific datasets. Switching the lidar sensor without retraining on a big set of annotated data from the new sensor creates a domain shift, which causes the network performance to drop drastically. In this work we propose a new method for lidar domain adaption, in which we use annotated panoptic lidar datasets and recreate the recorded scenes in the structure of a different lidar sensor. We narrow the domain gap to the target data by recreating panoptic data from one domain in another and mixing the generated data with parts of (pseudo) labeled target domain data. Our method improves the nuScenes to SemanticKITTI unsupervised domain adaptation performance by 15.2 mean Intersection over Union points (mIoU) and by 48.3 mIoU in our semi-supervised approach. We demonstrate a similar improvement for the SemanticKITTI to nuScenes domain adaptation by 21.8 mIoU and 51.5 mIoU, respectively. We compare our method with two state of the art approaches for semantic lidar segmentation domain adaptation with a significant improvement for unsupervised and semi-supervised domain adaptation. Furthermore we successfully apply our proposed method to two entirely unlabeled datasets of two state of the art lidar sensors Velodyne Alpha Prime and InnovizTwo, and train well performing semantic segmentation networks for both.
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LIDAR语义分割提供有关环境的3D语义信息,在其决策过程中为智能系统提供基本提示。深度神经网络正在实现这项任务的大型公共基准的最先进结果。不幸的是,找到概括井或适应其他域的模型,其中数据分布不同,仍然是一个重大挑战。这项工作解决了LIDAR语义分段模型的无监督域适应问题。我们的方法将新颖的想法结合在最新的最先进的方法之上,并产生了新的最先进的结果。我们提出了简单但有效的策略,以通过对齐输入空间的数据分布来减少域移位。此外,我们提出了一种基于学习的方法,使目标域的语义类的分布对准到源域。呈现的消融研究表明,每个部分如何促成最终表现。我们的策略显示在三个不同的域上运行的比较以前的域适应方法。
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3D autonomous driving semantic segmentation using deep learning has become, a well-studied subject, providing methods that can reach very high performance. Nonetheless, because of the limited size of the training datasets, these models cannot see every type of object and scenes found in real-world applications. The ability to be reliable in these various unknown environments is called domain generalization. Despite its importance, domain generalization is relatively unexplored in the case of 3D autonomous driving semantic segmentation. To fill this gap, this paper presents the first benchmark for this application by testing state-of-the-art methods and discussing the difficulty of tackling LiDAR domain shifts. We also propose the first method designed to address this domain generalization, which we call 3DLabelProp. This method relies on leveraging the geometry and sequentiality of the LiDAR data to enhance its generalization performances by working on partially accumulated point clouds. It reaches a mIoU of 52.6% on SemanticPOSS while being trained only on SemanticKITTI, making it state-of-the-art method for generalization (+7.4% better than the second best method). The code for this method will be available on Github.
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不同制造商和激光雷达传感器模型之间的采样差异导致对象的不一致表示。当在其他类型的楣上测试为一个激光雷达培训的3D探测器时,这导致性能下降。 LIDAR制造业的显着进展使机械,固态和最近可调节的扫描图案LIDARS的进展带来了进展。对于后者,现有工作通常需要微调模型,每次调整扫描模式,这是不可行的。我们通过提出一种小型无监督的多目标域适配框架,明确地处理采样差异,参见,用于在固定和灵活的扫描图案Lidars上传送最先进的3D探测器的性能,而无需微调模型通过最终用户。我们的方法在将其传递到检测网络之前,将底层几何形状插值并将其从不同LIDAR的对象的扫描模式正常化。我们展示了在公共数据集上看到的有效性,实现最先进的结果,并另外为新颖的高分辨率LIDAR提供定量结果,以证明我们框架的行业应用。此数据集和我们的代码将公开可用。
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When using LiDAR semantic segmentation models for safety-critical applications such as autonomous driving, it is essential to understand and improve their robustness with respect to a large range of LiDAR corruptions. In this paper, we aim to comprehensively analyze the robustness of LiDAR semantic segmentation models under various corruptions. To rigorously evaluate the robustness and generalizability of current approaches, we propose a new benchmark called SemanticKITTI-C, which features 16 out-of-domain LiDAR corruptions in three groups, namely adverse weather, measurement noise and cross-device discrepancy. Then, we systematically investigate 11 LiDAR semantic segmentation models, especially spanning different input representations (e.g., point clouds, voxels, projected images, and etc.), network architectures and training schemes. Through this study, we obtain two insights: 1) We find out that the input representation plays a crucial role in robustness. Specifically, under specific corruptions, different representations perform variously. 2) Although state-of-the-art methods on LiDAR semantic segmentation achieve promising results on clean data, they are less robust when dealing with noisy data. Finally, based on the above observations, we design a robust LiDAR segmentation model (RLSeg) which greatly boosts the robustness with simple but effective modifications. It is promising that our benchmark, comprehensive analysis, and observations can boost future research in robust LiDAR semantic segmentation for safety-critical applications.
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LiDAR-based 3D object detection is an indispensable task in advanced autonomous driving systems. Though impressive detection results have been achieved by superior 3D detectors, they suffer from significant performance degeneration when facing unseen domains, such as different LiDAR configurations, different cities, and weather conditions. The mainstream approaches tend to solve these challenges by leveraging unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) techniques. However, these UDA solutions just yield unsatisfactory 3D detection results when there is a severe domain shift, e.g., from Waymo (64-beam) to nuScenes (32-beam). To address this, we present a novel Semi-Supervised Domain Adaptation method for 3D object detection (SSDA3D), where only a few labeled target data is available, yet can significantly improve the adaptation performance. In particular, our SSDA3D includes an Inter-domain Adaptation stage and an Intra-domain Generalization stage. In the first stage, an Inter-domain Point-CutMix module is presented to efficiently align the point cloud distribution across domains. The Point-CutMix generates mixed samples of an intermediate domain, thus encouraging to learn domain-invariant knowledge. Then, in the second stage, we further enhance the model for better generalization on the unlabeled target set. This is achieved by exploring Intra-domain Point-MixUp in semi-supervised learning, which essentially regularizes the pseudo label distribution. Experiments from Waymo to nuScenes show that, with only 10% labeled target data, our SSDA3D can surpass the fully-supervised oracle model with 100% target label. Our code is available at https://github.com/yinjunbo/SSDA3D.
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当标签稀缺时,域的适应性是使学习能够学习的重要任务。尽管大多数作品仅着眼于图像模式,但有许多重要的多模式数据集。为了利用多模式的域适应性,我们提出了跨模式学习,在这种学习中,我们通过相互模仿在两种模式的预测之间执行一致性。我们限制了我们的网络,以对未标记的目标域数据进行正确预测,并在标记的数据和跨模式的一致预测中进行预测。在无监督和半监督的域适应设置中进行的实验证明了这种新型域适应策略的有效性。具体而言,我们评估了从2D图像,3D点云或两者都从3D语义分割的任务进行评估。我们利用最近的驾驶数据集生产各种域名适应场景,包括场景布局,照明,传感器设置和天气以及合成到现实的设置的变化。我们的方法在所有适应方案上都显着改善了以前的单模式适应基线。我们的代码可在https://github.com/valeoai/xmuda_journal上公开获取
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Arguably one of the top success stories of deep learning is transfer learning. The finding that pre-training a network on a rich source set (e.g., ImageNet) can help boost performance once fine-tuned on a usually much smaller target set, has been instrumental to many applications in language and vision. Yet, very little is known about its usefulness in 3D point cloud understanding. We see this as an opportunity considering the effort required for annotating data in 3D. In this work, we aim at facilitating research on 3D representation learning. Different from previous works, we focus on high-level scene understanding tasks. To this end, we select a suite of diverse datasets and tasks to measure the effect of unsupervised pre-training on a large source set of 3D scenes. Our findings are extremely encouraging: using a unified triplet of architecture, source dataset, and contrastive loss for pre-training, we achieve improvement over recent best results in segmentation and detection across 6 different benchmarks for indoor and outdoor, real and synthetic datasets -demonstrating that the learned representation can generalize across domains. Furthermore, the improvement was similar to supervised pre-training, suggesting that future efforts should favor scaling data collection over more detailed annotation. We hope these findings will encourage more research on unsupervised pretext task design for 3D deep learning. Our code is publicly available at https://github.com/facebookresearch/PointContrast
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转移学习是2D计算机愿景中的一种经过验证的技术,可以利用可用的大量数据并获得高性能,而数据集则由于获取或注释的成本而受到限制。在3D中,注释是一项昂贵的任务。然而,直到最近才研究转移学习方法。由于没有非常大的注释数据集,因此无监督的预培训受到了极大的青睐。在这项工作中,我们解决了稀疏室外激光扫描的实时3D语义细分的案例。这样的数据集已经上升,但是对于同一任务,也有不同的标签集。在这项工作中,我们在这里提出了一个名为“粗标签”的中级标签集,该标签允许在没有任何手动标签的情况下利用所有可用数据。这样,我们可以访问较大的数据集,以及更简单的语义分割任务。有了它,我们引入了一项新的预训练任务:粗制标签预训练,也称为可乐。我们彻底分析了可乐对各种数据集和体系结构的影响,并表明它可以提高性能,尤其是当填充任务仅访问小型数据集时。
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从预期的观点(例如范围视图(RV)和Bird's-eye-view(BEV))进行了云云语义细分。不同的视图捕获了点云的不同信息,因此彼此互补。但是,最近基于投影的点云语义分割方法通常会利用一种香草后期的融合策略来预测不同观点,因此未能从表示学习过程中从几何学角度探索互补信息。在本文中,我们引入了一个几何流动网络(GFNET),以探索以融合方式对准不同视图之间的几何对应关系。具体而言,我们设计了一个新颖的几何流量模块(GFM),以双向对齐并根据端到端学习方案下的几何关系跨不同观点传播互补信息。我们对两个广泛使用的基准数据集(Semantickitti和Nuscenes)进行了广泛的实验,以证明我们的GFNET对基于项目的点云语义分割的有效性。具体而言,GFNET不仅显着提高了每个单独观点的性能,而且还可以在所有基于投影的模型中取得最新的结果。代码可在\ url {https://github.com/haibo-qiu/gfnet}中获得。
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Point cloud analysis is receiving increasing attention, however, most existing point cloud models lack the practical ability to deal with the unavoidable presence of unknown objects. This paper mainly discusses point cloud analysis under open-set settings, where we train the model without data from unknown classes and identify them in the inference stage. Basically, we propose to solve open-set point cloud analysis using a novel Point Cut-and-Mix mechanism consisting of Unknown-Point Simulator and Unknown-Point Estimator modules. Specifically, we use the Unknown-Point Simulator to simulate unknown data in the training stage by manipulating the geometric context of partial known data. Based on this, the Unknown-Point Estimator module learns to exploit the point cloud's feature context for discriminating the known and unknown data. Extensive experiments show the plausibility of open-set point cloud analysis and the effectiveness of our proposed solutions. Our code is available at \url{https://github.com/ShiQiu0419/pointcam}.
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在鸟眼中学习强大的表现(BEV),以进行感知任务,这是趋势和吸引行业和学术界的广泛关注。大多数自动驾驶算法的常规方法在正面或透视视图中执行检测,细分,跟踪等。随着传感器配置变得越来越复杂,从不同的传感器中集成了多源信息,并在统一视图中代表功能至关重要。 BEV感知继承了几个优势,因为代表BEV中的周围场景是直观和融合友好的。对于BEV中的代表对象,对于随后的模块,如计划和/或控制是最可取的。 BEV感知的核心问题在于(a)如何通过从透视视图到BEV来通过视图转换来重建丢失的3D信息; (b)如何在BEV网格中获取地面真理注释; (c)如何制定管道以合并来自不同来源和视图的特征; (d)如何适应和概括算法作为传感器配置在不同情况下各不相同。在这项调查中,我们回顾了有关BEV感知的最新工作,并对不同解决方案进行了深入的分析。此外,还描述了该行业的BEV方法的几种系统设计。此外,我们推出了一套完整的实用指南,以提高BEV感知任务的性能,包括相机,激光雷达和融合输入。最后,我们指出了该领域的未来研究指示。我们希望该报告能阐明社区,并鼓励对BEV感知的更多研究。我们保留一个活跃的存储库来收集最新的工作,并在https://github.com/openperceptionx/bevperception-survey-recipe上提供一包技巧的工具箱。
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