质量估计,作为机器翻译的质量控制的关键步骤,多年来已经探讨过。目标是调查估计机器翻译结果的自动方法而无需参考翻译。在今年的WMT QE共享任务中,我们利用了大规模的XLM-Roberta预训练模型,另外提出了几种有用的功能来评估翻译的不确定性,以构建我们的QE系统,命名为\ texit {qemind}。该系统已应用于直接评估的句子级评分任务和严重错误检测的二进制评分预测任务。在本文中,我们向WMT 2021 QE共享任务提供了我们的提交,并且广泛的实验结果表明我们的多语言系统在WMT 2020的直接评估QE任务中表现出最佳系统。
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我们介绍了IST和Unmabel对WMT 2022关于质量估计(QE)的共享任务的共同贡献。我们的团队参与了所有三个子任务:(i)句子和单词级质量预测;(ii)可解释的量化宽松;(iii)关键错误检测。对于所有任务,我们在彗星框架之上构建,将其与OpenKIWI的预测估计架构连接,并为其配备单词级序列标记器和解释提取器。我们的结果表明,在预处理过程中合并参考可以改善下游任务上多种语言对的性能,并且通过句子和单词级别的目标共同培训可以进一步提高。此外,将注意力和梯度信息结合在一起被证明是提取句子级量化量化宽松模型的良好解释的首要策略。总体而言,我们的意见书在几乎所有语言对的所有三个任务中都取得了最佳的结果。
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翻译质量估计(QE)是预测机器翻译(MT)输出质量的任务,而无需任何参考。作为MT实际应用中的重要组成部分,这项任务已越来越受到关注。在本文中,我们首先提出了XLMRScore,这是一种基于使用XLM-Roberta(XLMR)模型计算的BertScore的简单无监督的QE方法,同时讨论了使用此方法发生的问题。接下来,我们建议两种减轻问题的方法:用未知令牌和预训练模型的跨语性对准替换未翻译的单词,以表示彼此之间的一致性单词。我们在WMT21 QE共享任务的四个低资源语言对上评估了所提出的方法,以及本文介绍的新的英语FARSI测试数据集。实验表明,我们的方法可以在两个零射击方案的监督基线中获得可比的结果,即皮尔森相关性的差异少于0.01,同时在所有低资源语言对中的平均低资源语言对中的无人看管竞争对手的平均水平超过8%的平均水平超过8%。 。
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我们提出了一种两阶段的培训方法,用于开发单个NMT模型,以翻译英语和英语的看不见的语言。对于第一阶段,我们将编码器模型初始化以鉴定XLM-R和Roberta的权重,然后对25种语言的平行数据进行多种语言微调。我们发现该模型可以推广到对看不见的语言的零击翻译。在第二阶段,我们利用这种概括能力从单语数据集生成合成的并行数据,然后用连续的反向翻译训练。最终模型扩展到了英语到许多方向,同时保持了多到英语的性能。我们称我们的方法为ecxtra(以英语为中心的跨语言(x)转移)。我们的方法依次利用辅助并行数据和单语言数据,并且在概念上很简单,仅在两个阶段都使用标准的跨熵目标。最终的ECXTRA模型对8种低资源语言的无监督NMT进行了评估,该语言为英语至哈萨克语(22.3> 10.4 bleu)以及其他15个翻译方向的竞争性能而获得了新的最先进。
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We present the task of PreQuEL, Pre-(Quality-Estimation) Learning. A PreQuEL system predicts how well a given sentence will be translated, without recourse to the actual translation, thus eschewing unnecessary resource allocation when translation quality is bound to be low. PreQuEL can be defined relative to a given MT system (e.g., some industry service) or generally relative to the state-of-the-art. From a theoretical perspective, PreQuEL places the focus on the source text, tracing properties, possibly linguistic features, that make a sentence harder to machine translate. We develop a baseline model for the task and analyze its performance. We also develop a data augmentation method (from parallel corpora), that improves results substantially. We show that this augmentation method can improve the performance of the Quality-Estimation task as well. We investigate the properties of the input text that our model is sensitive to, by testing it on challenge sets and different languages. We conclude that it is aware of syntactic and semantic distinctions, and correlates and even over-emphasizes the importance of standard NLP features.
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本文介绍了一种新的数据增强方法,用于神经机器翻译,该方法可以在语言内部和跨语言内部实施更强的语义一致性。我们的方法基于条件掩盖语言模型(CMLM),该模型是双向的,可以在左右上下文以及标签上有条件。我们证明CMLM是生成上下文依赖性单词分布的好技术。特别是,我们表明CMLM能够通过在替换过程中对源和目标进行调节来实现语义一致性。此外,为了增强多样性,我们将软词替换的想法纳入了数据增强,该概念用词汇上的概率分布代替了一个单词。在不同量表的四个翻译数据集上进行的实验表明,总体解决方案会导致更现实的数据增强和更好的翻译质量。与最新作品相比,我们的方法始终取得了最佳性能,并且在基线上的提高了1.90个BLEU点。
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This paper demonstrates that multilingual denoising pre-training produces significant performance gains across a wide variety of machine translation (MT) tasks. We present mBART -a sequence-to-sequence denoising auto-encoder pre-trained on large-scale monolingual corpora in many languages using the BART objective . mBART is the first method for pre-training a complete sequence-to-sequence model by denoising full texts in multiple languages, while previous approaches have focused only on the encoder, decoder, or reconstructing parts of the text. Pre-training a complete model allows it to be directly fine tuned for supervised (both sentence-level and document-level) and unsupervised machine translation, with no task-specific modifications. We demonstrate that adding mBART initialization produces performance gains in all but the highest-resource settings, including up to 12 BLEU points for low resource MT and over 5 BLEU points for many document-level and unsupervised models. We also show it also enables new types of transfer to language pairs with no bi-text or that were not in the pre-training corpus, and present extensive analysis of which factors contribute the most to effective pre-training.
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Modern embedding-based metrics for evaluation of generated text generally fall into one of two paradigms: discriminative metrics that are trained to directly predict which outputs are of higher quality according to supervised human annotations, and generative metrics that are trained to evaluate text based on the probabilities of a generative model. Both have their advantages; discriminative metrics are able to directly optimize for the problem of distinguishing between good and bad outputs, while generative metrics can be trained using abundant raw text. In this paper, we present a framework that combines the best of both worlds, using both supervised and unsupervised signals from whatever data we have available. We operationalize this idea by training T5Score, a metric that uses these training signals with mT5 as the backbone. We perform an extensive empirical comparison with other existing metrics on 5 datasets, 19 languages and 280 systems, demonstrating the utility of our method. Experimental results show that: T5Score achieves the best performance on all datasets against existing top-scoring metrics at the segment level. We release our code and models at https://github.com/qinyiwei/T5Score.
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Trainable evaluation metrics for machine translation (MT) exhibit strong correlation with human judgements, but they are often hard to interpret and might produce unreliable scores under noisy or out-of-domain data. Recent work has attempted to mitigate this with simple uncertainty quantification techniques (Monte Carlo dropout and deep ensembles), however these techniques (as we show) are limited in several ways -- for example, they are unable to distinguish between different kinds of uncertainty, and they are time and memory consuming. In this paper, we propose more powerful and efficient uncertainty predictors for MT evaluation, and we assess their ability to target different sources of aleatoric and epistemic uncertainty. To this end, we develop and compare training objectives for the COMET metric to enhance it with an uncertainty prediction output, including heteroscedastic regression, divergence minimization, and direct uncertainty prediction. Our experiments show improved results on uncertainty prediction for the WMT metrics task datasets, with a substantial reduction in computational costs. Moreover, they demonstrate the ability of these predictors to address specific uncertainty causes in MT evaluation, such as low quality references and out-of-domain data.
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最近在单语数据和机器翻译(MT)进行微调的预培训方面取得了成功,但尚不清楚如何最好地利用预先训练的模型来完成给定的MT任务。本文在微调MT上的预训练模型时研究了冻结参数的好处和缺点。我们专注于1)微调仅在英语单语言数据的BART上训练的模型。2)微调一个模型,该模型对25种语言的单语言数据进行了培训,Mbart。对于Bart,我们通过冻结大多数模型参数并添加额外的位置嵌入来获得最佳性能。对于MBART,我们将大多数语言对的天真微调的性能与编码器以及大多数解码器搭配。编码器的注意参数对于微调最重要。当将自己限制为越南人对英语的室外训练套装时,我们看到了基线的最大进步。
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With the recent advance in neural machine translation demonstrating its importance, research on quality estimation (QE) has been steadily progressing. QE aims to automatically predict the quality of machine translation (MT) output without reference sentences. Despite its high utility in the real world, there remain several limitations concerning manual QE data creation: inevitably incurred non-trivial costs due to the need for translation experts, and issues with data scaling and language expansion. To tackle these limitations, we present QUAK, a Korean-English synthetic QE dataset generated in a fully automatic manner. This consists of three sub-QUAK datasets QUAK-M, QUAK-P, and QUAK-H, produced through three strategies that are relatively free from language constraints. Since each strategy requires no human effort, which facilitates scalability, we scale our data up to 1.58M for QUAK-P, H and 6.58M for QUAK-M. As an experiment, we quantitatively analyze word-level QE results in various ways while performing statistical analysis. Moreover, we show that datasets scaled in an efficient way also contribute to performance improvements by observing meaningful performance gains in QUAK-M, P when adding data up to 1.58M.
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多语种NMT已成为MT在生产中部署的有吸引力的解决方案。但是要匹配双语质量,它符合较大且较慢的型号。在这项工作中,我们考虑了几种方法在推理时更快地使多语言NMT变得更快而不会降低其质量。我们在两种20语言多平行设置中尝试几个“光解码器”架构:在TED会谈中小规模和帕拉克曲线上的大规模。我们的实验表明,将具有词汇过滤的浅解码器组合在于,在翻译质量下没有损失的速度超过两倍。我们用Bleu和Chrf(380语言对),鲁棒性评估和人类评估验证了我们的研究结果。
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机器翻译(MT)的单词级质量估计(QE)旨在在不参考的情况下找出翻译句子中的潜在翻译错误。通常,关于文字级别量化宽松的传统作品旨在根据文章编辑工作来预测翻译质量,其中通过比较MT句子之间的单词来自动生成单词标签(“ OK”和“ BAD”)。通过翻译错误率(TER)工具包编辑的句子。虽然可以使用后编辑的工作来在一定程度上测量翻译质量,但我们发现它通常与人类对单词是否良好或翻译不良的判断相抵触。为了克服限制,我们首先创建了一个金色基准数据集,即\ emph {hjqe}(人类对质量估计的判断),专家翻译直接注释了对其判断的不良翻译单词。此外,为了进一步利用平行语料库,我们提出了使用两个标签校正策略的自我监督的预训练,即标记改进策略和基于树的注释策略,以使基于TER的人工量化量子ceper更接近\ emph {HJQE}。我们根据公开可用的WMT en-de和en-ZH Corpora进行实质性实验。结果不仅表明我们提出的数据集与人类的判断更加一致,而且还确认了提议的标签纠正策略的有效性。 。}
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通常需要平行语料库来使用BLEU,流星和Bertscore等指标自动评估翻译质量。尽管基于参考的评估范式被广泛用于许多机器翻译任务中,但由于这些语言遭受了语料库的不足,因此很难将其应用于使用低资源语言的翻译。往返翻译提供了一种令人鼓舞的方法来减轻平行语料库的紧急要求,尽管不幸的是,在统计机器翻译时代,没有观察到与转发翻译相关。在本文中,我们首先观察到,正向翻译质量始终与神经机器翻译范围中相应的往返翻译质量相关。然后,我们仔细分析并揭示了统计机器翻译系统上矛盾结果的原因。其次,我们提出了一种简单而有效的回归方法,以根据各种语言对的往返翻译分数(包括非常低的资源语言之间的往返翻译得分)来预测前向翻译得分的性能。我们进行了广泛的实验,以显示1,000多个语言对的预测模型的有效性和鲁棒性。最后,我们测试了有关挑战性设置的方法,例如预测分数:i)在培训中看不见的语言对,ii)在现实世界中,WMT共享任务但在新领域中。广泛的实验证明了我们方法的鲁棒性和效用。我们相信我们的工作将激发有关非常低资源的多语言机器翻译的工作。
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We propose a simple solution to use a single Neural Machine Translation (NMT) model to translate between multiple languages. Our solution requires no changes to the model architecture from a standard NMT system but instead introduces an artificial token at the beginning of the input sentence to specify the required target language. The rest of the model, which includes an encoder, decoder and attention module, remains unchanged and is shared across all languages. Using a shared wordpiece vocabulary, our approach enables Multilingual NMT using a single model without any increase in parameters, which is significantly simpler than previous proposals for Multilingual NMT. On the WMT'14 benchmarks, a single multilingual model achieves comparable performance for English→French and surpasses state-of-the-art results for English→German. Similarly, a single multilingual model surpasses state-of-the-art results for French→English and German→English on WMT'14 and WMT'15 benchmarks, respectively. On production corpora, multilingual models of up to twelve language pairs allow for better translation of many individual pairs. In addition to improving the translation quality of language pairs that the model was trained with, our models can also learn to perform implicit bridging between language pairs never seen explicitly during training, showing that transfer learning and zero-shot translation is possible for neural translation. Finally, we show analyses that hints at a universal interlingua representation in our models and show some interesting examples when mixing languages.
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机器翻译系统(MTS)是通过将文本或语音从一种语言转换为另一种语言的有效工具。在像印度这样的大型多语言环境中,对有效的翻译系统的需求变得显而易见,英语和一套印度语言(ILS)正式使用。与英语相反,由于语料库的不可用,IL仍然被视为低资源语言。为了解决不对称性质,多语言神经机器翻译(MNMT)系统会发展为在这个方向上的理想方法。在本文中,我们提出了一个MNMT系统,以解决与低资源语言翻译有关的问题。我们的模型包括两个MNMT系统,即用于英语印度(一对多),另一个用于指示英语(多一对多),其中包含15个语言对(30个翻译说明)的共享编码器码头。由于大多数IL对具有很少的平行语料库,因此不足以训练任何机器翻译模型。我们探索各种增强策略,以通过建议的模型提高整体翻译质量。最先进的变压器体系结构用于实现所提出的模型。大量数据的试验揭示了其优越性比常规模型的优势。此外,本文解决了语言关系的使用(在方言,脚本等方面),尤其是关于同一家族的高资源语言在提高低资源语言表现方面的作用。此外,实验结果还表明了ILS的倒退和域适应性的优势,以提高源和目标语言的翻译质量。使用所有这些关键方法,我们提出的模型在评估指标方面比基线模型更有效,即一组ILS的BLEU(双语评估研究)得分。
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我们假设现有的句子级机器翻译(MT)指标在人类参考包含歧义时会效率降低。为了验证这一假设,我们提出了一种非常简单的方法,用于扩展预审计的指标以在文档级别合并上下文。我们将我们的方法应用于三个流行的指标,即Bertscore,Prism和Comet,以及无参考的公制Comet-QE。我们使用提供的MQM注释评估WMT 2021指标共享任务的扩展指标。我们的结果表明,扩展指标的表现在约85%的测试条件下优于其句子级别的级别,而在排除低质量人类参考的结果时。此外,我们表明我们的文档级扩展大大提高了其对话语现象任务的准确性,从而优于专用基线高达6.1%。我们的实验结果支持我们的初始假设,并表明对指标的简单扩展使他们能够利用上下文来解决参考中的歧义。
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本报告介绍了在大型多语种计算机翻译中为WMT21共享任务的Microsoft的机器翻译系统。我们参加了所有三种评估轨道,包括大轨道和两个小轨道,前者是无约束的,后两者完全受约束。我们的模型提交到共享任务的初始化用deltalm \脚注{\ url {https://aka.ms/deltalm}},一个通用的预训练的多语言编码器 - 解码器模型,并相应地使用巨大的收集并行进行微调数据和允许的数据源根据轨道设置,以及应用逐步学习和迭代背翻译方法进一步提高性能。我们的最终提交在自动评估度量方面排名第一的三条轨道。
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Pre-trained models have achieved remarkable success in natural language processing (NLP). However, existing pre-training methods underutilize the benefits of language understanding for generation. Inspired by the idea of Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), we propose a GAN-style model for encoder-decoder pre-training by introducing an auxiliary discriminator, unifying the ability of language understanding and generation in a single model. Our model, named as GanLM, is trained with two pre-training objectives: replaced token detection and replaced token denoising. Specifically, given masked source sentences, the generator outputs the target distribution and the discriminator predicts whether the target sampled tokens from distribution are incorrect. The target sentence is replaced with misclassified tokens to construct noisy previous context, which is used to generate the gold sentence. In general, both tasks improve the ability of language understanding and generation by selectively using the denoising data. Extensive experiments in language generation benchmarks show that GanLM with the powerful language understanding capability outperforms various strong pre-trained language models (PLMs) and achieves state-of-the-art performance.
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致致辞问题答案(CQA)旨在测试模型是否可以回答有关每个人都知道的勤杂朗语言的问题。结合外部知识库的事先作品已经显示了有希望的结果,但知识库是昂贵的构造,并且通常限于固定的一组关系。在本文中,我们专注于更好地利用\ Texit {隐式知识}存储在预先接受预先接受的语言模型中。虽然研究人员发现嵌入在预先接受预先训练的语言模型中的知识,但可以通过填写仔细设计的提取和文本分类的谨慎设计的空白来提取,但如果我们可以在输入和输入的CQA中采用此范例,仍然不清楚输出采取更灵活的形式。为此,我们调查了四种翻译方法,可以将自然问题转化为渗出风格的句子,从语言模型中更好地征求致辞知识,包括基于句法的模型,无监督的神经模型和两个监督的神经模型。此外,要结合不同的翻译方法,我们建议鼓励模型预测与未标记数据不同翻译问题的一致性。我们展示了我们在零拍摄设置中三个CQA数据集上的方法的有效性。我们表明,我们的方法与知识库改进的模型互补,并结合它们可以导致最先进的零射击性能。分析还揭示了不同的强化翻译方法的明显特征,并为什么结合它们导致巨大改进提供了洞察。
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