在图像分类中，在检测分布（OOD）数据时发生了许多发展。但是，大多数OOD检测方法是在一组标准数据集上评估的，该数据集与培训数据任意不同。没有明确的定义``好的''ood数据集。此外，最先进的OOD检测方法已经在这些标准基准上取得了几乎完美的结果。在本文中，我们定义了2类OOD数据使用与分布（ID）数据的感知/视觉和语义相似性的微妙概念。我们将附近的OOD样本定义为感知上相似但语义上与ID样本的不同，并将样本转移为视觉上不同但在语义上与ID相似的点数据。然后，我们提出了一个基于GAN的框架，用于从这两个类别中生成OOD样品，给定一个ID数据集。通过有关MNIST，CIFAR-10/100和Imagenet的广泛实验，我们表明A）在常规基准上表现出色的ART OOD检测方法对我们提出的基准测试的稳健性明显较小。 N基准测试，反之亦然，因此表明甚至可能不需要单独的OOD集来可靠地评估OOD检测中的性能。

本文我们的目标是利用异质的温度缩放作为校准策略（OOD）检测。此处的异质性是指每个样品的最佳温度参数可能不同，而不是传统的方法对整个分布使用相同的值。为了实现这一目标，我们提出了一种称为锚定的新培训策略，可以估算每个样品的适当温度值，从而导致几个基准的最新OOD检测性能。使用NTK理论，我们表明该温度函数估计与分类器的认知不确定性紧密相关，这解释了其行为。与某些表现最佳的OOD检测方法相反，我们的方法不需要暴露于其他离群数据集，自定义校准目标或模型结合。通过具有不同OOD检测设置的经验研究 - 远处，OOD附近和语义相干OOD - 我们建立了一种高效的OOD检测方法。可以在此处访问代码和模型-https：//github.com/rushilanirudh/amp

已知现代深度神经网络模型将错误地将分布式（OOD）测试数据分类为具有很高信心的分数（ID）培训课程之一。这可能会对关键安全应用产生灾难性的后果。一种流行的缓解策略是训练单独的分类器，该分类器可以在测试时间检测此类OOD样本。在大多数实际设置中，在火车时间尚不清楚OOD的示例，因此，一个关键问题是：如何使用合成OOD样品来增加ID数据以训练这样的OOD检测器？在本文中，我们为称为CNC的OOD数据增强提出了一种新颖的复合腐败技术。 CNC的主要优点之一是，除了培训集外，它不需要任何固定数据。此外，与当前的最新技术（SOTA）技术不同，CNC不需要在测试时间进行反向传播或结合，从而使我们的方法在推断时更快。我们与过去4年中主要会议的20种方法进行了广泛的比较，表明，在OOD检测准确性和推理时间方面，使用基于CNC的数据增强训练的模型都胜过SOTA。我们包括详细的事后分析，以研究我们方法成功的原因，并确定CNC样本的较高相对熵和多样性是可能的原因。我们还通过对二维数据集进行零件分解分析提供理论见解，以揭示（视觉和定量），我们的方法导致ID类别周围的边界更紧密，从而更好地检测了OOD样品。源代码链接：https：//github.com/cnc-ood

深度神经网络对各种任务取得了出色的性能，但它们具有重要问题：即使对于完全未知的样本，也有过度自信的预测。已经提出了许多研究来成功过滤出这些未知的样本，但它们仅考虑狭窄和特定的任务，称为错误分类检测，开放式识别或分布外检测。在这项工作中，我们认为这些任务应该被视为根本存在相同的问题，因为理想的模型应该具有所有这些任务的检测能力。因此，我们介绍了未知的检测任务，以先前的单独任务的整合，用于严格检查深度神经网络对广谱的广泛未知样品的检测能力。为此，构建了不同尺度上的统一基准数据集，并且存在现有流行方法的未知检测能力进行比较。我们发现深度集合始终如一地优于检测未知的其他方法;但是，所有方法只针对特定类型的未知方式成功。可重复的代码和基准数据集可在https://github.com/daintlab/unknown-detection-benchmarks上获得。

Reliable application of machine learning-based decision systems in the wild is one of the major challenges currently investigated by the field. A large portion of established approaches aims to detect erroneous predictions by means of assigning confidence scores. This confidence may be obtained by either quantifying the model's predictive uncertainty, learning explicit scoring functions, or assessing whether the input is in line with the training distribution. Curiously, while these approaches all state to address the same eventual goal of detecting failures of a classifier upon real-life application, they currently constitute largely separated research fields with individual evaluation protocols, which either exclude a substantial part of relevant methods or ignore large parts of relevant failure sources. In this work, we systematically reveal current pitfalls caused by these inconsistencies and derive requirements for a holistic and realistic evaluation of failure detection. To demonstrate the relevance of this unified perspective, we present a large-scale empirical study for the first time enabling benchmarking confidence scoring functions w.r.t all relevant methods and failure sources. The revelation of a simple softmax response baseline as the overall best performing method underlines the drastic shortcomings of current evaluation in the abundance of publicized research on confidence scoring. Code and trained models are at https://github.com/IML-DKFZ/fd-shifts.

我们表明，著名的混音的有效性[Zhang等，2018]，如果而不是将其用作唯一的学习目标，就可以进一步改善它，而是将其用作标准跨侧面损失的附加规则器。这种简单的变化不仅提供了太大的准确性，而且在大多数情况下，在各种形式的协变量转移和分布外检测实验下，在大多数情况下，混合量的预测不确定性估计质量都显着提高了。实际上，我们观察到混合物在检测出分布样本时可能会产生大量退化的性能，因为我们在经验上表现出来，因为它倾向于学习在整个过程中表现出高渗透率的模型。很难区分分布样本与近分离样本。为了显示我们的方法的功效（RegMixup），我们在视觉数据集（Imagenet＆Cifar-10/100）上提供了详尽的分析和实验，并将其与最新方法进行比较，以进行可靠的不确定性估计。

在真实世界的机器学习应用中，可靠和安全的系统必须考虑超出标准测试设置精度的性能测量。这些其他目标包括分销（OOD）鲁棒性，预测一致性，对敌人的抵御能力，校准的不确定性估计，以及检测异常投入的能力。然而，提高这些目标的绩效通常是一种平衡行为，即今天的方法无法在不牺牲其他安全轴上的性能的情况下实现。例如，对抗性培训改善了对抗性鲁棒性，但急剧降低了其他分类器性能度量。同样，强大的数据增强和正则化技术往往提高鲁棒性，但损害异常检测，提出了对所有现有安全措施的帕累托改进是可能的。为满足这一挑战，我们设计了利用诸如分数形的图片的自然结构复杂性设计新的数据增强策略，这优于众多基线，靠近帕累托 - 最佳，并圆形提高安全措施。

It is important to detect anomalous inputs when deploying machine learning systems. The use of larger and more complex inputs in deep learning magnifies the difficulty of distinguishing between anomalous and in-distribution examples. At the same time, diverse image and text data are available in enormous quantities. We propose leveraging these data to improve deep anomaly detection by training anomaly detectors against an auxiliary dataset of outliers, an approach we call Outlier Exposure (OE). This enables anomaly detectors to generalize and detect unseen anomalies. In extensive experiments on natural language processing and small-and large-scale vision tasks, we find that Outlier Exposure significantly improves detection performance. We also observe that cutting-edge generative models trained on CIFAR-10 may assign higher likelihoods to SVHN images than to CIFAR-10 images; we use OE to mitigate this issue. We also analyze the flexibility and robustness of Outlier Exposure, and identify characteristics of the auxiliary dataset that improve performance.

图像分类中的严重问题是培训的模型可能对输入数据表现良好，该输入数据源自与用于模型培训的数据相同的分布，但对于分销超出（OOD）样本而言更加差。在真实的安全关键应用中，特别是如果新的数据点是ood的新数据点，重要的是要注意。迄今为止，通常使用置信分数，基于自动编码器的重建或对比学习来解决OOD检测。但是，尚未探索全局图像上下文以区分在分布和OOD样本之间的非局部对象。本文提出了一种名为OOODFORMER的首次检测架构，该架构利用变压器的上下文化功能。作为主要特征提取器的跨\ --former允许我们利用对象概念及其区分属性以及通过可视注意的共同发生。使用上下文化的嵌入，我们使用阶级条件潜伏空间相似性和网络置信度分数展示了OOD检测。我们的方法显示了各种数据集的完全普遍性。我们在CiFar-10 / -100和Imagenet30上取得了新的最先进的结果。

最近出现了一系列用于估计具有单个正向通行证的深神经网络中的认知不确定性的新方法，最近已成为贝叶斯神经网络的有效替代方法。在信息性表示的前提下，这些确定性不确定性方法（DUM）在检测到分布（OOD）数据的同时在推理时添加可忽略的计算成本时实现了强大的性能。但是，目前尚不清楚dums是否经过校准，可以无缝地扩展到现实世界的应用 - 这都是其实际部署的先决条件。为此，我们首先提供了DUMS的分类法，并在连续分配转移下评估其校准。然后，我们将它们扩展到语义分割。我们发现，尽管DUMS尺度到现实的视觉任务并在OOD检测方面表现良好，但当前方法的实用性受到分配变化下的校准不良而破坏的。

机器学习模型通常会遇到与训练分布不同的样本。无法识别分布（OOD）样本，因此将该样本分配给课堂标签会显着损害模​​型的可靠性。由于其对在开放世界中的安全部署模型的重要性，该问题引起了重大关注。由于对所有可能的未知分布进行建模的棘手性，检测OOD样品是具有挑战性的。迄今为止，一些研究领域解决了检测陌生样本的问题，包括异常检测，新颖性检测，一级学习，开放式识别识别和分布外检测。尽管有相似和共同的概念，但分别分布，开放式检测和异常检测已被独立研究。因此，这些研究途径尚未交叉授粉，创造了研究障碍。尽管某些调查打算概述这些方法，但它们似乎仅关注特定领域，而无需检查不同领域之间的关系。这项调查旨在在确定其共同点的同时，对各个领域的众多著名作品进行跨域和全面的审查。研究人员可以从不同领域的研究进展概述中受益，并协同发展未来的方法。此外，据我们所知，虽然进行异常检测或单级学习进行了调查，但没有关于分布外检测的全面或最新的调查，我们的调查可广泛涵盖。最后，有了统一的跨域视角，我们讨论并阐明了未来的研究线，打算将这些领域更加紧密地融为一体。

Discriminative neural networks offer little or no performance guarantees when deployed on data not generated by the same process as the training distribution. On such out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs, the prediction may not only be erroneous, but confidently so, limiting the safe deployment of classifiers in real-world applications. One such challenging application is bacteria identification based on genomic sequences, which holds the promise of early detection of diseases, but requires a model that can output low confidence predictions on OOD genomic sequences from new bacteria that were not present in the training data. We introduce a genomics dataset for OOD detection that allows other researchers to benchmark progress on this important problem. We investigate deep generative model based approaches for OOD detection and observe that the likelihood score is heavily affected by population level background statistics. We propose a likelihood ratio method for deep generative models which effectively corrects for these confounding background statistics. We benchmark the OOD detection performance of the proposed method against existing approaches on the genomics dataset and show that our method achieves state-of-the-art performance. We demonstrate the generality of the proposed method by showing that it significantly improves OOD detection when applied to deep generative models of images.

We aim for image-based novelty detection. Despite considerable progress, existing models either fail or face a dramatic drop under the so-called "near-distribution" setting, where the differences between normal and anomalous samples are subtle. We first demonstrate existing methods experience up to 20% decrease in performance in the near-distribution setting. Next, we propose to exploit a score-based generative model to produce synthetic near-distribution anomalous data. Our model is then fine-tuned to distinguish such data from the normal samples. We provide a quantitative as well as qualitative evaluation of this strategy, and compare the results with a variety of GAN-based models. Effectiveness of our method for both the near-distribution and standard novelty detection is assessed through extensive experiments on datasets in diverse applications such as medical images, object classification, and quality control. This reveals that our method considerably improves over existing models, and consistently decreases the gap between the near-distribution and standard novelty detection performance. The code repository is available at https://github.com/rohban-lab/FITYMI.

人工智能的最新趋势是将验证的模型用于语言和视觉任务，这些模型已经实现了非凡的表现，但也令人困惑。因此，以各种方式探索这些模型的能力对该领域至关重要。在本文中，我们探讨了模型的可靠性，在其中我们将可靠的模型定义为一个不仅可以实现强大的预测性能，而且在许多涉及不确定性（例如选择性预测，开放式设置识别）的决策任务上，在许多决策任务上表现出色，而且表现良好。强大的概括（例如，准确性和适当的评分规则，例如在分布数据集中和分发数据集上的对数可能性）和适应性（例如，主动学习，几乎没有射击不确定性）。我们设计了40个数据集的10种任务类型，以评估视觉和语言域上可靠性的不同方面。为了提高可靠性，我们分别开发了VIT-PLEX和T5-PLEX，分别针对视觉和语言方式扩展了大型模型。 PLEX极大地改善了跨可靠性任务的最先进，并简化了传统协议，因为它可以改善开箱即用的性能，并且不需要设计分数或为每个任务调整模型。我们演示了高达1B参数的模型尺寸的缩放效果，并预处理数据集大小最多4B示例。我们还展示了PLEX在具有挑战性的任务上的功能，包括零射门的开放式识别，主动学习和对话语言理解中的不确定性。

Deep neural networks have attained remarkable performance when applied to data that comes from the same distribution as that of the training set, but can significantly degrade otherwise. Therefore, detecting whether an example is out-of-distribution (OoD) is crucial to enable a system that can reject such samples or alert users. Recent works have made significant progress on OoD benchmarks consisting of small image datasets. However, many recent methods based on neural networks rely on training or tuning with both in-distribution and out-of-distribution data. The latter is generally hard to define a-priori, and its selection can easily bias the learning. We base our work on a popular method ODIN 1 [21], proposing two strategies for freeing it from the needs of tuning with OoD data, while improving its OoD detection performance. We specifically propose to decompose confidence scoring as well as a modified input pre-processing method. We show that both of these significantly help in detection performance. Our further analysis on a larger scale image dataset shows that the two types of distribution shifts, specifically semantic shift and non-semantic shift, present a significant difference in the difficulty of the problem, providing an analysis of when ODIN-like strategies do or do not work.

Modern machine learning methods including deep learning have achieved great success in predictive accuracy for supervised learning tasks, but may still fall short in giving useful estimates of their predictive uncertainty. Quantifying uncertainty is especially critical in real-world settings, which often involve input distributions that are shifted from the training distribution due to a variety of factors including sample bias and non-stationarity. In such settings, well calibrated uncertainty estimates convey information about when a model's output should (or should not) be trusted. Many probabilistic deep learning methods, including Bayesian-and non-Bayesian methods, have been proposed in the literature for quantifying predictive uncertainty, but to our knowledge there has not previously been a rigorous largescale empirical comparison of these methods under dataset shift. We present a largescale benchmark of existing state-of-the-art methods on classification problems and investigate the effect of dataset shift on accuracy and calibration. We find that traditional post-hoc calibration does indeed fall short, as do several other previous methods. However, some methods that marginalize over models give surprisingly strong results across a broad spectrum of tasks.

We present an approach to quantifying both aleatoric and epistemic uncertainty for deep neural networks in image classification, based on generative adversarial networks (GANs). While most works in the literature that use GANs to generate out-of-distribution (OoD) examples only focus on the evaluation of OoD detection, we present a GAN based approach to learn a classifier that produces proper uncertainties for OoD examples as well as for false positives (FPs). Instead of shielding the entire in-distribution data with GAN generated OoD examples which is state-of-the-art, we shield each class separately with out-of-class examples generated by a conditional GAN and complement this with a one-vs-all image classifier. In our experiments, in particular on CIFAR10, CIFAR100 and Tiny ImageNet, we improve over the OoD detection and FP detection performance of state-of-the-art GAN-training based classifiers. Furthermore, we also find that the generated GAN examples do not significantly affect the calibration error of our classifier and result in a significant gain in model accuracy.

在值得信赖的机器学习中，这是一个重要的问题，可以识别与分配任务无关的输入的分布（OOD）输入。近年来，已经提出了许多分布式检测方法。本文的目的是识别共同的目标以及确定不同OOD检测方法的隐式评分函数。我们专注于在培训期间使用替代OOD数据的方法，以学习在测试时概括为新的未见外部分布的OOD检测分数。我们表明，内部和（不同）外部分布之间的二元歧视等同于OOD检测问题的几种不同的公式。当与标准分类器以共同的方式接受培训时，该二进制判别器达到了类似于离群暴露的OOD检测性能。此外，我们表明，异常暴露所使用的置信损失具有隐式评分函数，在训练和测试外部分配相同的情况下，以非平凡的方式与理论上最佳评分功能有所不同，这又是类似于训练基于能量的OOD检测器或添加背景类时使用的一种。在实践中，当以完全相同的方式培训时，所有这些方法的性能类似。

检测到分布（OOD）数据的能力在深度学习的安全至关重要的应用中很重要。目的是使用从深神经网络中提取的不确定性量度分离训练分布中的分布（ID）数据。深层合奏是一种公认​​的方法，可以提高深神经网络产生的不确定性估计的质量，并且与单个模型相比，已证明具有优异的OOD检测性能。文献中现有的直觉是，深层预测的多样性表明分布转移，因此应使用多样性（MI）等多样性的衡量标准进行OOD检测。我们通过实验表明，与某些OOD数据集中的单模熵相比，使用MI导致MI导致95％fpr@95较差30-40％。我们建议对Deep Sembles更好的OOD检测性能的替代解释 - OOD检测是二元分类，我们正在分类分类器。因此，我们表明，通过平均特定于任务的检测分数，例如整体上的能量，可以实现更深入的合奏。

Self-supervision provides effective representations for downstream tasks without requiring labels. However, existing approaches lag behind fully supervised training and are often not thought beneficial beyond obviating or reducing the need for annotations. We find that self-supervision can benefit robustness in a variety of ways, including robustness to adversarial examples, label corruption, and common input corruptions. Additionally, self-supervision greatly benefits out-of-distribution detection on difficult, near-distribution outliers, so much so that it exceeds the performance of fully supervised methods. These results demonstrate the promise of self-supervision for improving robustness and uncertainty estimation and establish these tasks as new axes of evaluation for future self-supervised learning research.