最近的工作表明,自我监督的预训练导致对挑战性视觉识别任务的监督学习改进。剪辑是一种令人兴奋的学习语言监督的新方法,展示了各种基准的有希望的表现。在这项工作中,我们探索自我监督的学习是否可以帮助使用语言监督来进行视觉表现学习。我们介绍了一个用于组合自我监督学习和剪辑预训练的多任务学习框架。在使用视觉变形金刚进行预培训之后,我们在三个不同的设置下彻底评估了代表性质量,并将性能与自我监督学习进行了比较:零拍摄传输,线性分类和端到端的FineTuning。在ImageNet和电池的额外数据集中,我们发现SLIP通过大幅度提高了精度。我们将通过关于不同模型大小,培训计划和预训练预训练数据集的实验进行验证。我们的研究结果表明,滑块享有世界上最好的:性能比自我监督更好(+ 8.1%的线性精度)和语言监督(+ 5.2%的零射精精度)。
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State-of-the-art computer vision systems are trained to predict a fixed set of predetermined object categories. This restricted form of supervision limits their generality and usability since additional labeled data is needed to specify any other visual concept. Learning directly from raw text about images is a promising alternative which leverages a much broader source of supervision. We demonstrate that the simple pre-training task of predicting which caption goes with which image is an efficient and scalable way to learn SOTA image representations from scratch on a dataset of 400 million (image, text) pairs collected from the internet. After pre-training, natural language is used to reference learned visual concepts (or describe new ones) enabling zero-shot transfer of the model to downstream tasks. We study the performance of this approach by benchmarking on over 30 different existing computer vision datasets, spanning tasks such as OCR, action recognition in videos, geo-localization, and many types of fine-grained object classification. The model transfers non-trivially to most tasks and is often competitive with a fully supervised baseline without the need for any dataset specific training. For instance, we match the accuracy of the original ResNet-50 on ImageNet zero-shot without needing to use any of the 1.28 million training examples it was trained on. We release our code and pre-trained model weights at https://github.com/OpenAI/CLIP.
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Image token removal is an efficient augmentation strategy for reducing the cost of computing image features. However, this efficient augmentation strategy has been found to adversely affect the accuracy of CLIP-based training. We hypothesize that removing a large portion of image tokens may improperly discard the semantic content associated with a given text description, thus constituting an incorrect pairing target in CLIP training. To address this issue, we propose an attentive token removal approach for CLIP training, which retains tokens with a high semantic correlation to the text description. The correlation scores are computed in an online fashion using the EMA version of the visual encoder. Our experiments show that the proposed attentive masking approach performs better than the previous method of random token removal for CLIP training. The approach also makes it efficient to apply multiple augmentation views to the image, as well as introducing instance contrastive learning tasks between these views into the CLIP framework. Compared to other CLIP improvements that combine different pre-training targets such as SLIP and MaskCLIP, our method is not only more effective, but also much more efficient. Specifically, using ViT-B and YFCC-15M dataset, our approach achieves $43.9\%$ top-1 accuracy on ImageNet-1K zero-shot classification, as well as $62.7/42.1$ and $38.0/23.2$ I2T/T2I retrieval accuracy on Flickr30K and MS COCO, which are $+1.1\%$, $+5.5/+0.9$, and $+4.4/+1.3$ higher than the SLIP method, while being $2.30\times$ faster. An efficient version of our approach running $1.16\times$ faster than the plain CLIP model achieves significant gains of $+5.3\%$, $+11.3/+8.0$, and $+9.5/+4.9$ on these benchmarks.
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本文提出了一种对比调整,这是一种简单的方法,采用对比训练来对准图像和文本模型,同时仍然利用他们的预训练。在我们的实证研究中,我们发现,锁定的预训练图像模型与解锁文本模型最佳。我们调用这种对比调整“锁定图像文本调整”(LIT TOONING)的实例,该实例仅教导文本模型,从预先训练的图像模型中读出了良好的表示新任务。亮度调谐模型将零拍摄传输到新视觉任务的能力提高,例如图像分类或检索。建议的亮度调整是广泛适用的;它可以使用三种不同的图像文本数据集可靠地使用多种预训练方法(监督和无监督)和多种架构(Reset,Vision变换器和MLP-MILLER)。利用基于变压器的预训练VIT-G / 14型号,LIT调谐模型在想象网测试集中实现了84.5%的零射频传输精度,并且在充满挑战的分发ObjectNet测试集中实现了81.1%。
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We present Fast Language-Image Pre-training (FLIP), a simple and more efficient method for training CLIP. Our method randomly masks out and removes a large portion of image patches during training. Masking allows us to learn from more image-text pairs given the same wall-clock time and contrast more samples per iteration with similar memory footprint. It leads to a favorable trade-off between accuracy and training time. In our experiments on 400 million image-text pairs, FLIP improves both accuracy and speed over the no-masking baseline. On a large diversity of downstream tasks, FLIP dominantly outperforms the CLIP counterparts trained on the same data. Facilitated by the speedup, we explore the scaling behavior of increasing the model size, data size, or training length, and report encouraging results and comparisons. We hope that our work will foster future research on scaling vision-language learning.
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Scaling up neural networks has led to remarkable performance across a wide range of tasks. Moreover, performance often follows reliable scaling laws as a function of training set size, model size, and compute, which offers valuable guidance as large-scale experiments are becoming increasingly expensive. However, previous work on scaling laws has primarily used private data \& models or focused on uni-modal language or vision learning. To address these limitations, we investigate scaling laws for contrastive language-image pre-training (CLIP) with the public LAION dataset and the open-source OpenCLIP repository. Our large-scale experiments involve models trained on up to two billion image-text pairs and identify power law scaling for multiple downstream tasks including zero-shot classification, retrieval, linear probing, and end-to-end fine-tuning. We find that the training distribution plays a key role in scaling laws as the OpenAI and OpenCLIP models exhibit different scaling behavior despite identical model architectures and similar training recipes. We open-source our evaluation workflow and all models, including the largest public CLIP models, to ensure reproducibility and make scaling laws research more accessible. Source code and instructions to reproduce this study will be available at https://github.com/LAION-AI/scaling-laws-openclip
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自动视觉解对我们多样化和开放的世界需要计算机视觉模型,以概括为特定任务的最小定制,类似于人类视力。计算机视觉基础型号培训,培训多样化,大型数据集,可以适应各种下游任务,对该任务来解决现实世界计算机视觉应用而言至关重要。虽然现有的视觉基础模型如剪辑,对齐和吴道2.0主要集中在映射图像和文本表示到跨模型共享表示,我们介绍了一台新的计算机视觉基础模型,佛罗伦萨,扩大粗糙的表示(现场)到精细(对象),从静态(图像)到动态(视频),以及从RGB到多个模态(标题,深度)。通过从Web级图像文本数据中纳入通用视觉语言表示,我们的佛罗伦萨模型可以很容易地适应各种计算机视觉任务,例如分类,检索,对象检测,VQA,图像标题,视频检索和动作识别。此外,佛罗伦萨在许多类型的转移学习中表现出出色的表现:全面采样的微调,线性探测,几次射击传输和用于新颖图像和物体的零拍摄传输。所有这些属性对于我们的视觉基础模型至关重要,以提供通用视觉任务。佛罗伦萨实现了新的最先进的导致44个代表性基准,例如Imagenet-1K零射击分类,最高1精度为83.74,最高5个精度为97.18,62.4地图上的Coco微调, 80.36在VQA上,动力学-600上的87.8。
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本文提出了一个简单而有效的框架蒙版,该框架将新提出的掩盖自distillation纳入对比的语言图像预处理中。掩盖自distillation的核心思想是将表示从完整的图像提取到蒙版图像预测的表示形式。这种合并享有两个重要的好处。首先,掩盖的自我验证目标是本地贴片表示学习,这与视觉对比度的互补,专注于与文本相关的表示。二,掩盖的自我验证也与视觉语言对比符合训练目标的视野对比是一致的。视觉编码器用于功能对齐,因此能够学习本地语义从该语言中获得间接监督。我们提供了专门设计的实验,并进行了全面的分析,以验证这两个好处。从经验上讲,我们表明,当MaskClip应用于各种具有挑战性的下游任务时,可以在线性探测,填充和零拍摄中取得卓越的结果,并在语言编码器的指导下取得了卓越的结果。
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使用自然语言作为培训视觉识别模型的监督持有巨大的承诺。最近的作品表明,如果在大型训练数据集中的图像和标题之间的对齐形式使用此类监督,则结果对齐模型在零拍摄分类中表现出色,如下游任务2。在本文中,我们专注于挑逗语言监督的哪些部分对于训练零拍摄图像分类模型至关重要。通过广泛和仔细的实验​​,我们表明:1)可以将简单的单词(弓)标题用作数据集中大多数图像标题的替代品。令人惊讶的是,我们观察到这种方法在与单词平衡结合时提高了零拍分类性能。 2)使用船首净化模型,我们可以通过在没有标题的图像上生成伪弓标题来获得更多培训数据。使用真实和伪弓形标题培训的模型达到了更强的零射性能。在ImageNet-1K零拍评估中,我们只使用3M图像标题对的最佳模型,使用15M图像标题对培训的剪辑模型(31.5%VS 31.3%)进行剪辑。
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剪辑的发展[Radford等,2021]引发了关于语言监督是否可以导致与传统仅图像方法更可转移表示的视觉模型的争论。我们的工作通过对两种方法的学习能力进行了对下游分类任务的学习能力进行仔细控制的比较来研究这个问题。我们发现,当预训练数据集符合某些标准时 - 它足够大,并且包含具有较低变异性的描述性字幕 - 仅图像的方法也与剪辑的传输性能不匹配,即使它们接受了更多图像数据的培训。但是,与人们期望的相反,在某些情况下,没有满足这些标准,其中通过标题增加的监督实际上是有害的。在我们的发现的激励下,我们设计了简单的处方,以使剪辑能够更好地利用现有预训练数据集中存在的语言信息。
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对比训练有素的语言图像模型,例如剪辑,Align和Basic,已经证明了对多种具有挑战性的自然分配变化的前所未有的鲁棒性。由于这些语言图像模型与以前的培训方法有多种不同,因此一个重要的问题是导致稳定性增长的原因。我们通过系统的实验研究回答这个问题。具体而言,我们研究了鲁棒性增长的五个不同可能的原因:(i)训练集大小,(ii)培训分配,(iii)在培训时进行语言监督,(iv)测试时语言监督,以及(v)对比损失函数。我们的实验表明,更多样化的训练分布是稳健性增长的主要原因,其他因素几乎没有稳健性。除了实验结果之外,我们还引入了Imagenet捕获,这是一种来自Flickr的原始文本注释的Imagenet版本,以实现语言图像训练的进一步受控实验。
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通过自学学习的视觉表示是一项极具挑战性的任务,因为网络需要在没有监督提供的主动指导的情况下筛选出相关模式。这是通过大量数据增强,大规模数据集和过量量的计算来实现的。视频自我监督学习(SSL)面临着额外的挑战:视频数据集通常不如图像数据集那么大,计算是一个数量级,并且优化器所必须通过的伪造模式数量乘以几倍。因此,直接从视频数据中学习自我监督的表示可能会导致次优性能。为了解决这个问题,我们建议在视频表示学习框架中利用一个以自我或语言监督为基础的强大模型,并在不依赖视频标记的数据的情况下学习强大的空间和时间信息。为此,我们修改了典型的基于视频的SSL设计和目标,以鼓励视频编码器\ textit {subsume}基于图像模型的语义内容,该模型在通用域上训练。所提出的算法被证明可以更有效地学习(即在较小的时期和较小的批次中),并在单模式SSL方法中对标准下游任务进行了新的最新性能。
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具有对比目标的训练前视觉模型已显示出令人鼓舞的结果,这些结果既可以扩展到大型未经切割的数据集,又可以传输到许多下游应用程序。以下一些作品针对提高数据效率,通过添加自学意义来提高数据效率,但是在这些作品中的单个空间上定义了对比度损失(图像文本)对比度损失和内域(图像图像)对比度损失,因此许多可行的可行性监督的组合被忽略了。为了克服这个问题,我们提出了Uniclip,这是对对比语言图像预训练的统一框架。 Uniclip将域间对和域内对的对比损失整合到一个单一的通用空间中。 Uniclip的三个关键组成部分解决了整合不同域之间对比度损失时发生的差异:(1)增强感知功能嵌入,(2)MP-NCE损失和(3)域相似性度量。 Uniclip的表现优于以前的视觉语言预训练方法,在下游任务的各种单模式和多模式上。在我们的实验中,我们表明每个组成的分支都对最终性能有很好的贡献。
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Pre-trained representations are becoming crucial for many NLP and perception tasks. While representation learning in NLP has transitioned to training on raw text without human annotations, visual and vision-language representations still rely heavily on curated training datasets that are expensive or require expert knowledge. For vision applications, representations are mostly learned using datasets with explicit class labels such as Ima-geNet or OpenImages. For vision-language, popular datasets like Conceptual Captions, MSCOCO, or CLIP all involve a non-trivial data collection (and cleaning) process. This costly curation process limits the size of datasets and hence hinders the scaling of trained models. In this paper, we leverage a noisy dataset of over one billion image alt-text pairs, obtained without expensive filtering or post-processing steps in the Conceptual Captions dataset. A simple dual-encoder architecture learns to align visual and language representations of the image and text pairs using a contrastive loss. We show that the scale of our corpus can make up for its noise and leads to state-of-the-art representations even with such a simple learning scheme. Our visual representation achieves strong performance when transferred to classification tasks such as ImageNet and VTAB. The aligned visual and language representations enables zero-shot image classification and also set new state-of-the-art results on Flickr30K and MSCOCO image-text retrieval benchmarks, even when compared with more sophisticated crossattention models. The representations also enable cross-modality search with complex text and text + image queries.
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We introduce Patch Aligned Contrastive Learning (PACL), a modified compatibility function for CLIP's contrastive loss, intending to train an alignment between the patch tokens of the vision encoder and the CLS token of the text encoder. With such an alignment, a model can identify regions of an image corresponding to a given text input, and therefore transfer seamlessly to the task of open vocabulary semantic segmentation without requiring any segmentation annotations during training. Using pre-trained CLIP encoders with PACL, we are able to set the state-of-the-art on the task of open vocabulary zero-shot segmentation on 4 different segmentation benchmarks: Pascal VOC, Pascal Context, COCO Stuff and ADE20K. Furthermore, we show that PACL is also applicable to image-level predictions and when used with a CLIP backbone, provides a general improvement in zero-shot classification accuracy compared to CLIP, across a suite of 12 image classification datasets.
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将简单的体系结构与大规模预训练相结合已导致图像分类的大量改进。对于对象检测,预训练和缩放方法的确定性不佳,尤其是在长尾和开放式摄影的环境中,训练数据相对较少。在本文中,我们提出了一个强大的配方,用于将图像文本模型转移到开放式对象检测中。我们使用具有最小修改,对比度文本预训练和端到端检测微调的标准视觉变压器体系结构。我们对该设置的缩放属性的分析表明,增加图像级预训练和模型大小在下游检测任务上产生一致的改进。我们提供适应性策略和正规化,以实现零击文本条件和单次图像条件对象检测的非常强劲的性能。代码和型号可在GitHub上找到。
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对比性语言图像预处理(剪辑)受到广泛关注,因为它的学会表示形式可以很好地转移到各种下游任务上。在剪辑训练期间,Infonce目标旨在使正面图像对齐和分开的负面图像对齐。在本文中,我们在此过程中显示了表示分组的效果:Infonce客观间接通过随机出现的模式内锚将语义相似的表示形式组合在一起。我们引入了原型对比度图像预处理(原始的),以提高其效率并提高其针对模态差距的鲁棒性来增强这种分组。具体而言,原始利润在图像和文本空间之间建立了原型级别的歧视,从而有效传输了更高级别的结构知识。我们进一步提出了典型的背部翻译(PBT),以将表示形式分组与表示形式对齐,从而有效地学习了在较大的模态差距下有意义的表示。 PBT还使我们能够以更丰富的先验知识介绍其他外部教师。 ProtoClip通过在线情节培训策略进行了培训,这可以扩展到无限量的数据。结合上述新颖的设计,我们在概念标题上训练原始设计,并获得了 +5.81%的成像网线性探测改进,并且 +2.01%的Imagenet Zero Zero-shot分类改进。代码可在https://github.com/megvii-research/protoclip上找到。
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我们提出了一种称为基本的组合缩放方法,可在ImageNet ILSVRC-2012验证集上实现85.7%的前1个零点精度,超越了最佳发布的零拍模型 - 剪辑并对齐 - 达9.3%。我们的基本模式还显示出鲁棒性基准的显着改进。例如,在5个测试集中,具有自然分布换档,如想象的 - {A,R,V2,素描}和ObjectNet,我们的车型实现了83.7%的前1个平均精度,只有一个小幅度从其原始的想象精度下降。为实现这些结果,我们扩大了剪辑的对比学习框架,并在三个方面对齐:数据大小,型号大小和批量大小。我们的数据集具有6.6B噪声图像文本对,比对齐的4倍,比夹子大16倍。我们最大的型号具有3B重量,参数比为3.75倍,拖鞋比对齐和夹子更大。我们的批量尺寸为65536,比剪辑的2倍,4倍超过对齐。缩放的主要挑战是我们的加速器的内存有限,如GPU和TPU。因此,我们提出了一种在线渐变缓存的简单方法来克服这个限制。
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探索大规模预处理的基础模型对计算机视觉具有重大兴趣,因为这些模型可以快速转移到许多下游任务中。本文介绍了对比字幕(COCA),这是一种极简主义的设计,旨在为图像文本编码器编码器基础模型预算与对比度损失和字幕损失,从而从剪辑和诸如simvlm之类的生成方法之类的对比方法中包含模型能力。与所有解码器层都参与编码器输出的标准编码器 - 模块变压器相反,可口可乐省略了解码器层的上半部分的交叉注意,以编码单峰文本表示,并串联到剩余的解码器层,这些解码器与图像编码器相交的解码器层多模式图像文本表示。除了对多模态解码器输出的字幕损失外,我们还应用了单峰图像和文本嵌入之间的对比损失,该输出可以预测文本令牌自动加压。通过共享相同的计算图,可以用最小的开销有效地计算两个培训目标。可口可乐是端到端和从头开始的网络尺度alt-text数据和带注释的图像,通过将所有标签视为文本,无缝地统一自然语言监督以进行表示。从经验上讲,可口可乐通过零拍传输或在广泛的下游任务上进行零摄像转移或最少的特定任务适应,跨越视觉识别(Imagenet,Kinetics-400/600/700,瞬间, ),交叉模式检索(MSCOCO,FLICKR30K,MSR-VTT),多模式理解(VQA,SNLI-VE,NLVR2)和图像字幕(MSCOCO,NOCAPS)。值得注意的是,在Imagenet分类方面,COCA获得了86.3%的TOP-1准确性,带有冷冻编码器和学习的分类头90.6%,以及带有填充编码器的Imagenet上的新最先进的91.0%Top-1 Top-1精度。
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