移动机器人用于工业，休闲和军事应用。在某些情况下，机器人导航解决方案仅依赖于惯性传感器，因此，导航解决方案会及时漂移。在本文中，我们提出了MORPI框架，这是一种移动机器人纯惯性方法。机器人没有以直线轨迹行进，而是以周期性运动轨迹移动，以实现峰值估计。以这种方式，使用经验公式来估计行进距离，而不是进行三个集成来计算经典惯性解决方案中的机器人位置。提出了两种类型的MORPI方法，其中一种方法基于加速度计和陀螺仪读数，而另一种仅基于陀螺仪。封闭形式的分析溶液被得出表明，与经典的纯惯性溶液相比，MORPI产生较低的位置误差。此外，为了评估所提出的方法，使用配备两种类型的惯性传感器的移动机器人进行现场实验。总共收集了143个轨迹，持续时间为75分钟并评估。结果表明使用我们的方法的好处。为了促进拟议方法的进一步开发，数据集和代码均可在https://github.com/ansfl/morpi上公开获得。

The performance of inertial navigation systems is largely dependent on the stable flow of external measurements and information to guarantee continuous filter updates and bind the inertial solution drift. Platforms in different operational environments may be prevented at some point from receiving external measurements, thus exposing their navigation solution to drift. Over the years, a wide variety of works have been proposed to overcome this shortcoming, by exploiting knowledge of the system current conditions and turning it into an applicable source of information to update the navigation filter. This paper aims to provide an extensive survey of information aided navigation, broadly classified into direct, indirect, and model aiding. Each approach is described by the notable works that implemented its concept, use cases, relevant state updates, and their corresponding measurement models. By matching the appropriate constraint to a given scenario, one will be able to improve the navigation solution accuracy, compensate for the lost information, and uncover certain internal states, that would otherwise remain unobservable.

惯性导航系统与全球导航卫星系统之间的融合经常用于许多平台，例如无人机，陆地车辆和船舶船只。融合通常是在基于模型的扩展卡尔曼过滤框架中进行的。过滤器的关键参数之一是过程噪声协方差。它负责实时解决方案的准确性，因为它考虑了车辆动力学不确定性和惯性传感器质量。在大多数情况下，过程噪声被认为是恒定的。然而，由于整个轨迹的车辆动力学和传感器测量变化，过程噪声协方差可能会发生变化。为了应对这种情况，文献中建议了几种基于自适应的Kalman过滤器。在本文中，我们提出了一个混合模型和基于学习的自适应导航过滤器。我们依靠基于模型的Kalman滤波器和设计深神网络模型来调整瞬时系统噪声协方差矩阵，仅基于惯性传感器读数。一旦学习了过程噪声协方差，就可以将其插入建立的基于模型的Kalman滤波器中。在推导了提出的混合框架后，提出了使用四极管的现场实验结果，并给出了与基于模型的自适应方法进行比较。我们表明，所提出的方法在位置误差中获得了25％的改善。此外，提出的混合学习方法可以在任何导航过滤器以及任何相关估计问题中使用。

自动水下车辆（AUV）通常在许多水下应用中使用。最近，在文献中，多旋翼无人自动驾驶汽车（UAV）的使用引起了更多关注。通常，两个平台都采用惯性导航系统（INS）和协助传感器进行准确的导航解决方案。在AUV导航中，多普勒速度日志（DVL）主要用于帮助INS，而对于无人机，通常使用全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）接收器。辅助传感器和INS之间的融合需要在估计过程中定义步长参数。它负责解决方案频率更新，并最终导致其准确性。步长的选择在计算负载和导航性能之间构成了权衡。通常，与INS操作频率（数百个HERTZ）相比，帮助传感器更新频率要慢得多。对于大多数平台来说，这种高率是不必要的，特别是对于低动力学AUV。在这项工作中，提出了基于监督机器学习的自适应调整方案，以选择适当的INS步骤尺寸。为此，定义了一个速度误差，允许INS/DVL或INS/GNSS在亚最佳工作条件下起作用，并最大程度地减少计算负载。模拟和现场实验的结果显示了使用建议的方法的好处。此外，建议的框架可以应用于任何类型的传感器或平台之间的任何其他融合场景。

滑动检测对于在外星人表面驾驶的流浪者的安全性和效率至关重要。当前的行星流动站滑移检测系统依赖于视觉感知，假设可以在环境中获得足够的视觉特征。然而，基于视觉的方法容易受到感知降解的行星环境，具有主要低地形特征，例如岩石岩，冰川地形，盐散发物以及较差的照明条件，例如黑暗的洞穴和永久阴影区域。仅依靠视觉传感器进行滑动检测也需要额外的计算功率，并降低了流动站的遍历速率。本文回答了如何检测行星漫游者的车轮滑移而不取决于视觉感知的问题。在这方面，我们提出了一个滑动检测系统，该系统从本体感受的本地化框架中获取信息，该框架能够提供数百米的可靠，连续和计算有效的状态估计。这是通过使用零速度更新，零角度更新和非独立限制作为惯性导航系统框架的伪测量更新来完成的。对所提出的方法进行了对实际硬件的评估，并在行星 - 分析环境中进行了现场测试。该方法仅使用IMU和车轮编码器就可以达到150 m左右的92％滑动检测精度。

A reliable self-contained navigation system is essential for autonomous vehicles. Based on our previous study on Wheel-INS \cite{niu2019}, a wheel-mounted inertial measurement unit (Wheel-IMU)-based dead reckoning (DR) system, in this paper, we propose a multiple IMUs-based DR solution for the wheeled robots. The IMUs are mounted at different places of the wheeled vehicles to acquire various dynamic information. In particular, at least one IMU has to be mounted at the wheel to measure the wheel velocity and take advantages of the rotation modulation. The system is implemented through a distributed extended Kalman filter structure where each subsystem (corresponding to each IMU) retains and updates its own states separately. The relative position constraints between the multiple IMUs are exploited to further limit the error drift and improve the system robustness. Particularly, we present the DR systems using dual Wheel-IMUs, one Wheel-IMU plus one vehicle body-mounted IMU (Body-IMU), and dual Wheel-IMUs plus one Body-IMU as examples for analysis and comparison. Field tests illustrate that the proposed multi-IMU DR system outperforms the single Wheel-INS in terms of both positioning and heading accuracy. By comparing with the centralized filter, the proposed distributed filter shows unimportant accuracy degradation while holds significant computation efficiency. Moreover, among the three multi-IMU configurations, the one Body-IMU plus one Wheel-IMU design obtains the minimum drift rate. The position drift rates of the three configurations are 0.82\% (dual Wheel-IMUs), 0.69\% (one Body-IMU plus one Wheel-IMU), and 0.73\% (dual Wheel-IMUs plus one Body-IMU), respectively.

自动水下车辆（AUV）执行各种应用，例如海底映射和水下结构健康监测。通常，由多普勒速度日志（DVL）提供的惯性导航系统用于提供车辆的导航解决方案。在这种融合中，DVL提供了AUV的速度向量，从而确定导航解决方案的准确性并有助于估计导航状态。本文提出了BeamsNet，这是一个端到端的深度学习框架，用于回归估计的DVL速度向量，以提高速度向量估算的准确性，并可以替代基于模型的方法。提出了两个版本的BeamsNet，其输入与网络不同。第一个使用当前的DVL光束测量和惯性传感器数据，而另一个仅利用DVL数据，对回归过程进行了当前和过去的DVL测量值。进行了模拟和海上实验，以验证相对于基于模型的方法的拟议学习方法。使用地中海的Snapir AUV进行了海洋实验，收集了大约四个小时的DVL和惯性传感器数据。我们的结果表明，提出的方法在估计DVL速度矢量方面取得了超过60％的改善。

安装在微空中车辆（MAV）上的地面穿透雷达是有助于协助人道主义陆地间隙的工具。然而，合成孔径雷达图像的质量取决于雷达天线的准确和精确运动估计以及与MAV产生信息性的观点。本文介绍了一个完整的自动空气缩进的合成孔径雷达（GPSAR）系统。该系统由空间校准和时间上同步的工业级传感器套件组成，使得在地面上方，雷达成像和光学成像。自定义任务规划框架允许在地上控制地上的Stripmap和圆形（GPSAR）轨迹的生成和自动执行，以及空中成像调查飞行。基于因子图基于Dual接收机实时运动（RTK）全局导航卫星系统（GNSS）和惯性测量单元（IMU）的测量值，以获得精确，高速平台位置和方向。地面真理实验表明，传感器时机为0.8美元，正如0.1美元的那样，定位率为1 kHz。与具有不确定标题初始化的单个位置因子相比，双位置因子配方可提高高达40％，批量定位精度高达59％。我们的现场试验验证了本地化准确性和精度，使得能够相干雷达测量和检测在沙子中埋入的雷达目标。这验证了作为鸟瞰着地图检测系统的潜力。

A reliable pose estimator robust to environmental disturbances is desirable for mobile robots. To this end, inertial measurement units (IMUs) play an important role because they can perceive the full motion state of the vehicle independently. However, it suffers from accumulative error due to inherent noise and bias instability, especially for low-cost sensors. In our previous studies on Wheel-INS \cite{niu2021, wu2021}, we proposed to limit the error drift of the pure inertial navigation system (INS) by mounting an IMU to the wheel of the robot to take advantage of rotation modulation. However, it still drifted over a long period of time due to the lack of external correction signals. In this letter, we propose to exploit the environmental perception ability of Wheel-INS to achieve simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) with only one IMU. To be specific, we use the road bank angles (mirrored by the robot roll angles estimated by Wheel-INS) as terrain features to enable the loop closure with a Rao-Blackwellized particle filter. The road bank angle is sampled and stored according to the robot position in the grid maps maintained by the particles. The weights of the particles are updated according to the difference between the currently estimated roll sequence and the terrain map. Field experiments suggest the feasibility of the idea to perform SLAM in Wheel-INS using the robot roll angle estimates. In addition, the positioning accuracy is improved significantly (more than 30\%) over Wheel-INS. Source code of our implementation is publicly available (https://github.com/i2Nav-WHU/Wheel-SLAM).

The field of autonomous mobile robots has undergone dramatic advancements over the past decades. Despite achieving important milestones, several challenges are yet to be addressed. Aggregating the achievements of the robotic community as survey papers is vital to keep the track of current state-of-the-art and the challenges that must be tackled in the future. This paper tries to provide a comprehensive review of autonomous mobile robots covering topics such as sensor types, mobile robot platforms, simulation tools, path planning and following, sensor fusion methods, obstacle avoidance, and SLAM. The urge to present a survey paper is twofold. First, autonomous navigation field evolves fast so writing survey papers regularly is crucial to keep the research community well-aware of the current status of this field. Second, deep learning methods have revolutionized many fields including autonomous navigation. Therefore, it is necessary to give an appropriate treatment of the role of deep learning in autonomous navigation as well which is covered in this paper. Future works and research gaps will also be discussed.

众所周知，在ADAS应用中，需要良好的估计车辆的姿势。本文提出了一种鉴定的2.5D内径术，由此由横摆率传感器和四轮速度传感器衍生的平面内径测量由悬架的线性模型增强。虽然平面内径术的核心是在文献中已经理解的横摆率模型，但我们通过拟合二次传入信号，实现内插，推断和车辆位置的更精细的整合来增强这一点。我们通过DGPS / IMU参考的实验结果表明，该模型提供了与现有方法相比的高精度的内径估计。利用返回车辆参考点高度变化的传感器改变悬架配置，我们定义了车辆悬架的平面模型，从而增加了内径模型。我们提出了一个实验框架和评估标准，通过该标准评估了内径术的良好和与现有方法进行了比较。该测距模型旨在支持众所周知的低速环绕式摄像头系统。因此，我们介绍了一些应用程序结果，该应用结果显示使用所提出的内径术来查看和计算机视觉应用程序的性能提升

在本文中，我们评估了八种流行和开源的3D激光雷达和视觉大满贯（同时定位和映射）算法，即壤土，乐高壤土，lio sam，hdl graph，orb slam3，basalt vio和svo2。我们已经设计了室内和室外的实验，以研究以下项目的影响：i）传感器安装位置的影响，ii）地形类型和振动的影响，iii）运动的影响（线性和角速速度的变化）。我们根据相对和绝对姿势误差比较它们的性能。我们还提供了他们所需的计算资源的比较。我们通过我们的多摄像机和多大摄像机室内和室外数据集进行彻底分析和讨论结果，并确定环境案例的最佳性能系统。我们希望我们的发现可以帮助人们根据目标环境选择一个适合其需求的传感器和相应的SLAM算法组合。

在这项工作中，我们展示了基于全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）的零速度信息的重要性。在文献中已经示出了使用零速度更新（Zupt）的零速度信息的有效性已经显示在文献中。在这里，我们利用此信息并将其添加为GNSS因子图中的位置约束。我们还将其性能与GNSS /惯用导航系统（INS）耦合因子图进行比较。我们在三个数据集上测试了我们的Zupt辅助因子图方法，并将其与仅限GNSS因子图进行了比较。

我们为腿部机器人提供了一个开源视觉惯性训练率（VILO）状态估计解决方案Cerberus，该机器人使用一组标准传感器（包括立体声摄像机，IMU，联合编码器，，imu，联合编码器）实时实时估算各个地形的位置和接触传感器。除了估计机器人状态外，我们还执行在线运动学参数校准并接触离群值拒绝以大大减少位置漂移。在各种室内和室外环境中进行的硬件实验验证了Cerberus中的运动学参数可以将估计的漂移降低到长距离高速运动中的1％以下。我们的漂移结果比文献中报道的相同的一组传感器组比任何其他状态估计方法都要好。此外，即使机器人经历了巨大的影响和摄像头遮挡，我们的状态估计器也表现良好。状态估计器的实现以及用于计算我们结果的数据集，可在https://github.com/shuoyangrobotics/cerberus上获得。

A monocular visual-inertial system (VINS), consisting of a camera and a low-cost inertial measurement unit (IMU), forms the minimum sensor suite for metric six degreesof-freedom (DOF) state estimation. However, the lack of direct distance measurement poses significant challenges in terms of IMU processing, estimator initialization, extrinsic calibration, and nonlinear optimization. In this work, we present VINS-Mono: a robust and versatile monocular visual-inertial state estimator. Our approach starts with a robust procedure for estimator initialization and failure recovery. A tightly-coupled, nonlinear optimization-based method is used to obtain high accuracy visual-inertial odometry by fusing pre-integrated IMU measurements and feature observations. A loop detection module, in combination with our tightly-coupled formulation, enables relocalization with minimum computation overhead. We additionally perform four degrees-of-freedom pose graph optimization to enforce global consistency. We validate the performance of our system on public datasets and real-world experiments and compare against other state-of-the-art algorithms. We also perform onboard closed-loop autonomous flight on the MAV platform and port the algorithm to an iOS-based demonstration. We highlight that the proposed work is a reliable, complete, and versatile system that is applicable for different applications that require high accuracy localization. We open source our implementations for both PCs 1 and iOS mobile devices 2 .

研究界，工业和社会中地面移动机器人（MRS）和无人机（UAV）的重要性正在迅速发展。如今，这些代理中的许多代理都配备了通信系统，在某些情况下，对于成功完成某些任务至关重要。在这种情况下，我们已经开始见证在机器人技术和通信的交集中开发一个新的跨学科研究领域。该研究领域的意图是将无人机集成到5G和6G通信网络中。这项研究无疑将在不久的将来导致许多重要的应用。然而，该研究领域发展的主要障碍之一是，大多数研究人员通过过度简化机器人技术或通信方面来解决这些问题。这阻碍了达到这个新的跨学科研究领域的全部潜力的能力。在本教程中，我们介绍了一些建模工具，从跨学科的角度来解决涉及机器人技术和通信的问题所需的一些建模工具。作为此类问题的说明性示例，我们将重点放在本教程上，讨论通信感知轨迹计划的问题。

自主飞机的导航系统依赖于由套件的读数提供的读数来估计飞机状态。在固定翼车的情况下，传感器套件由三联脉的加速度计，陀螺仪和磁力计，全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）接收器和空中数据系统（皮托管，空气叶片，温度计和晴雨表）组成，并且通常由一个或多个数码相机补充。准确表示每个传感器的行为和错误源，以及摄像机生成的图像，在飞行模拟中是必不可少的，以及对新型惯性或视觉导航算法的评估，以及在低交换的情况下大小，重量和电源）飞机，其中传感器的质量和价格有限。本文为每个传感器提供了现实和可定制的模型，该传感器已被实现为开源C ++模拟。随着时间的推移提供了飞机状态的真正变化，模拟提供了所有传感器产生的误差的时间戳系列，以及地球表面的现实图像，类似于沿着指示的状态位置飞行的真正摄像机飞行的地面表面和态度。

Autonomous Micro Aerial Vehicles are deployed for a variety tasks including surveillance and monitoring. Perching and staring allow the vehicle to monitor targets without flying, saving battery power and increasing the overall mission time without the need to frequently replace batteries. This paper addresses the Active Visual Perching (AVP) control problem to autonomously perch on inclined surfaces up to $90^\circ$. Our approach generates dynamically feasible trajectories to navigate and perch on a desired target location, while taking into account actuator and Field of View (FoV) constraints. By replanning in mid-flight, we take advantage of more accurate target localization increasing the perching maneuver's robustness to target localization or control errors. We leverage the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions to identify the compatibility between planning objectives and the visual sensing constraint during the planned maneuver. Furthermore, we experimentally identify the corresponding boundary conditions that maximizes the spatio-temporal target visibility during the perching maneuver. The proposed approach works on-board in real-time with significant computational constraints relying exclusively on cameras and an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU). Experimental results validate the proposed approach and shows the higher success rate as well as increased target interception precision and accuracy with respect to a one-shot planning approach, while still retaining aggressive capabilities with flight envelopes that include large excursions from the hover position on inclined surfaces up to 90$^\circ$, angular speeds up to 750~deg/s, and accelerations up to 10~m/s$^2$.

This article proposes a method to diminish the pose (position plus attitude) drift experienced by an SVO (Semi-Direct Visual Odometry) based visual navigation system installed onboard a UAV (Unmanned Air Vehicle) by supplementing its pose estimation non linear optimizations with priors based on the outputs of a GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) Denied inertial navigation system. The method is inspired in a PI (Proportional Integral) control system, in which the attitude, altitude, and rate of climb inertial outputs act as targets to ensure that the visual estimations do not deviate far from their inertial counterparts. The resulting IA-VNS (Inertially Assisted Visual Navigation System) achieves major reductions in the horizontal position drift inherent to the GNSS-Denied navigation of autonomous fixed wing low SWaP (Size, Weight, and Power) UAVs. Additionally, the IA-VNS can be considered as a virtual incremental position (ground velocity) sensor capable of providing observations to the inertial filter. Stochastic high fidelity Monte Carlo simulations of two representative scenarios involving the loss of GNSS signals are employed to evaluate the results and to analyze their sensitivity to the terrain type overflown by the aircraft as well as to the quality of the onboard sensors on which the priors are based. The author releases the C ++ implementation of both the navigation algorithms and the high fidelity simulation as open-source software.

在本文中，我们介绍了一个大型数据集，其中包含各种移动映射传感器，该传感器使用以典型的步行速度携带的手持设备收集了近2.2公里，该设备通过牛津大学的新学院近2.2公里。该数据集包括来自两个市售设备的数据 - 立体惯性摄像头和一个多光束3D激光雷达，该镜头还提供惯性测量。此外，我们使用了三脚架安装的调查级LIDAR扫描仪来捕获测试位置的详细毫米准确的3D地图（包含$ \ sim $ \ sim $ 2.9亿点）。使用地图，我们推断出每次雷达扫描的设备位置的6度自由度（DOF）地面真理，以更好地评估LIDAR和视觉定位，映射和重建系统。这个基础真理是该数据集的特殊新颖贡献，我们认为它将实现许多类似数据集缺乏的系统评估。数据集结合了建筑环境，开放空间和植被区域，以测试本地化和映射系统，例如基于视觉的导航，视觉和激光雷达大满贯，3D激光雷达重建以及基于外观的位置识别。该数据集可在以下网址获得：ori.ox.ac.uk/datasets/newer-college-dataset